), (Driesson, Jan, and MacDonald, Colin F. 2000), For instance, the uplift as much as 9 metres in western Crete linked with the earthquake of 365 is discussed in L. Stathis, C. Stiros, "The 8.5+ magnitude, AD365 earthquake in Crete: Coastal uplift, topography changes, archaeological and Ihistorical signature,", Donald W. Jones (1999) Peak Sanctuaries and Sacred Caves in Minoan Crete, Hgg and Marinatos 1984; Hardy (ed.) [27][20] Mycenaean Greek, a form of ancient Greek, was written in Linear B, which was an adaptation of Linear A. This was officially recognized by the Treaty of Paris of 1814, which marked the end of Malta's 700-year relationship with Sicily. Minoan art is marked by imaginative images and exceptional workmanship. Since natural disasters are not selective, the uneven destruction was probably caused by invaders who would have seen the usefulness of preserving a palace like Knossos for their own use. One such device seems to have been a porous clay pipe through which water was allowed to flow until clean. About Our Coalition. For a land so used to centralised royal authority, the king's young age caused a serious power vacuum. Power does not exclusively refer to the threat or use of force by one actor against another, but may also be exerted through diffuse means (such as institutions).Power may also take structural forms, as it orders actors in relation to one [20], After about a century of partial recovery, most Cretan cities and palaces declined during the 13th century BC (LHIIIB-LMIIIB). One tumolo was equivalent to 17,193litres. Fifteenth-century BC paintings in Thebes, Egypt depict Minoan-appearing individuals bearing gifts. The palace at Kato Zakro indicates that workshops were integrated into palace structure. The others are at: Phaistos, Zakros, Malia, Gournia, and possibly Galatas and Hagia Triada. Cretan cuisine included wild game: Cretans ate wild deer, wild boar and meat from livestock. The largest Minoan palace is that of Knossos, followed by that of Phaistos. Kristiansen, Kristiansen & Larsson, Thomas B. [112] The Palace of Knossos was the largest Minoan palace. Linear B tablets indicate the importance of orchards (figs, olives and grapes) in processing crops for "secondary products". Benton, Janetta Rebold and DiYanni, Robert. Early Minoan ceramics were characterized by patterns of spirals, triangles, curved lines, crosses, fish bones, and beak-spouts. (K.E. As the centuries went on, however, this economic relationship became less advantageous to Sicily, and some modern scholars see the relationship as definitely exploitative. Such activities are seen in artistic representations of the sea, including the Ship Procession or "Flotilla" fresco in room five of the West House at Akrotiri. Relatives: Medford Bryan and Josephine Stanton Evans (parents): Medford Stanton Evans (July 20, 1934 March 3, 2015), better known as M. Stanton Evans, was an American journalist, author and educator.He was the author of eight books, including Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies (2007). [39] Troy University's Hall School of Journalism hosts an annual M. Stanton Evans symposium named in his honor. Catholics living in an Arabic-speaking area might adopt Arabic or even Muslim names. Some stores' sales continue to Monday ("Cyber Monday") or Under Evans' leadership, the ACU issued a July 1971 statement concluding, "the American Conservative Union has resolved to suspend our support of the Administration." The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, making it the only human disease [13] [7] There is a belief that the Minoans used their written language primarily as an accounting tool and that even if deciphered, may offer little insight other than detailed descriptions of quantities. [61] Further archeological finds provide evidence for female death caused by nursing as well. According to Homer, Crete had 90 cities. "True Cretan"). Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. It consists of knowingly and willfully mailing or otherwise making "any threat to take the life of, to kidnap, or to inflict great bodily harm upon the president of the United States". [15] [16] Sotomayor was raised a Catholic [3] and grew up in Puerto Rican communities in the South Bronx and East Bronx ; she self-identifies as a " Nuyorican ". There appear to have been four major palaces on the island: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, and Kato Zakros. After around 1700 BC, material culture on the Greek mainland reached a new high due to Minoan influence. There is a particular visual convention where the surroundings of the main subject are laid out as though seen from above, though individual specimens are shown in profile. The Phaistos Disc features a unique pictorial script. [145] The archaeological record suggests that mostly cup-type forms were created in precious metals,[146] but the corpus of bronze vessels was diverse, including cauldrons, pans, hydrias, bowls, pitchers, basins, cups, ladles and lamps. [7], Upon graduation, Evans became assistant editor of The Freeman, where Chodorov was editor. Eteocretan inscriptions are separated from Linear A by about a millennium, and it is thus unknown if Eteocretan represents a descendant of the Minoan language. The outcome of the referendum was 432,053 (99%) in favour and only 667 in opposition to the unification. Garibaldi announced that he was assuming dictatorship over Sicily in the name of King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. [9] By the end of the 12th century, Messina had become one of the leading commercial cities of the kingdom. This Friday, were taking a look at Microsoft and Sonys increasingly bitter feud over Call of Duty and whether U.K. regulators are leaning toward torpedoing the Activision Blizzard deal. During that period, there were also plague outbreaks. [171] According to Sinclair Hood, the Minoans were most likely conquered by an invading force. One aquila was worth twenty grani. [30] He was an advisor to the National Tax Limitation Committee. Knossos remained an administrative center until 1200 BC. Until the end of the boy's regency by his mother Margaret of Navarre in 1172, turmoil in the kingdom almost brought the ruling family down. [A]n information flow distorted from the right would be just as much a disservice as distortion from the left. Looking at the world as a whole, Much of Iranian society was in euphoria about the coming revolution. "Sinc [152], No evidence has been found of a Minoan army or the Minoan domination of peoples beyond Crete; Evans believed that the Minoans had some kind of overlordship of at least parts of Mycenaean Greece in the Neopalatial Period, but it is now very widely agreed that the opposite was the case, with a Mycenaean conquest of Crete around 1450. The 1953 Iranian coup d'tat, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'tat (Persian: ), was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on 19 August 1953. The Norman kings in the 12th century used the tari, which had been used in Sicily from 913 as the basic coin. The increased hostility of the peoples and the elites of Sicily towards Naples and the Bourbon dynasty created a very unstable equilibrium, kept under control only by an increasingly oppressive police-state, political executions and exiles. This change of hands opened up a period of economic flourishing and social and political reforms, with many public projects and cultural initiatives directly started or inspired by the king. In 1861, the Two Sicilies were invaded and conquered by an Expedition Corps (Expedition of the Thousand) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, who later transferred them to the House of Savoy, to form, after a referendum, with the Kingdom of Sardinia itself (i.e. [14] On 25 March 1139, Innocent was forced to acknowledge the kingship and possessions of Roger with the Treaty of Mignano.[12][14]. From 1977 to 2002, he led the National Journalism Center in Washington, D.C., which was established with financial help from the conservative movement and brought promising beginning journalists to the nation's capital. While Naples was formed into the Parthenopean Republic with French support and later again a kingdom under French protection and influence, Sicily became the British base of operation in the Mediterranean in the long struggle against Napoleon. Broadway Musical Home. Evans' system divides the Minoan period into three major eras: early (EM), middle (MM) and late (LM). The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age Aegean civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands, whose earliest beginnings were from c. 3500 BC, with the complex urban civilization beginning around 2000 BC, and then declining from c. 1450 BC until it ended around 1100 BC, during the early Greek Dark Ages, part of a wider bronze age collapse around the [13], The reform of the laws began with the Assizes of Ariano in 1140 by RogerII. Minoan sacred symbols include the bull (and its horns of consecration), the labrys (double-headed axe), the pillar, the serpent, the sun-disc, the tree, and even the Ankh. [139], Fine decorated bronze weapons have been found in Crete, especially from LM periods, but they are far less prominent than in the remains of warrior-ruled Mycenae, where the famous shaft-grave burials contain many very richly decorated swords and daggers. [23], During the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, the local communities maintained their privileges. Widespread corruption and mistreatment of the lower classes by the feudal lords led to the creation of groups of brigands, attacking the nobility and destroying their fiefs. [full citation needed] Keith Branigan estimated that 95 percent of Minoan "weapons" had hafting (hilts or handles) which would have prevented their use as such. Warfare by other contemporaries of the ancient Minoans, such as the Egyptians and the Hittites, is well-documented. The occupation was not recognized, and Malta was de jure part of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1798 to 1814. At the end of World War II, English writer George Orwell used cold war, as a general term, in his essay "You and the Atomic Bomb", published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune.Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare, Orwell looked at James Burnham's predictions of a polarized world, writing: . There is no evidence of silk, but some use is possible.[74]. [49] Tools included double adzes, double- and single-bladed axes, axe-adzes, sickles and chisels. Many stores offer highly promoted sales at discounted prices and often open early, sometimes as early as midnight or even on Thanksgiving. Starting in 1890, he helped develop the "right to privacy" concept by writing a Harvard Law Review article of that title, and was thereby credited by legal scholar Roscoe Pound as having Death of this population is attributed to the vast amount of nutrition and fat that women lost because of lactation which they often could not get back. Two main armies, one led by Lothair, the other by Duke of Bavaria Henry the Proud, invaded Sicily. The Minoans were traders, and their cultural contacts reached the Old Kingdom of Egypt, copper-containing Cyprus, Canaan and the Levantine coast and Anatolia. The Order of the Arrow, for example, is the National Honor Society of the Boy Scouts of America.Chiefly, the term refers to scholastic honor societies, those that recognize students who excel academically or as leaders Sports - Comprehensive news, scores, standings, fantasy games, rumors, and more Latest breaking news from New York City. [61], While women were often portrayed in paintings as caretakers of children, pregnant women were rarely shown in frescoes. Sinclair Hood described an "essential quality of the finest Minoan art, the ability to create an atmosphere of movement and life although following a set of highly formal conventions". Looking at the world as a whole, Clifford Backman argues that it is a mistake to see the economic history of Sicily in terms of victimization, and contends that the decline really began in the second part of the reign of Frederick III, in contrast to earlier scholars who believed that Sicilian decline had set in earlier. At the same time, Roger's fleet also attacked the Byzantine Empire, making Sicily a leading maritime power in the Mediterranean Sea for almost a century. The relationship between the systems in the table includes approximate calendar dates from Warren and Hankey (1989). This got its name because when it was found in the early 20th century, a French art historian thought it resembled Parisian women of the day. In the United States, an honor society is a rank organization that recognizes excellence among peers. At larger sites such as Knossos, there is evidence of craft specialization (workshops). [23] Victor Amadeus, for his part, continued to protest for three years, and only in 1723 decided to recognize the exchange and desist from using the Sicilian royal title and its subsidiary titles (such as King of Cyprus and Jerusalem). A footnote in Microsoft's submission to the UK's Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has let slip the reason behind Call of Duty's absence from the Xbox Game Pass library: Sony and [citation needed] Evidence of possible human sacrifice by the Minoans has been found at three sites: at Anemospilia, in a MMII building near Mt. Cadogan, Gerald, 1992, " Ancient and Modern Crete," in Myers et al., 1992, Chapin, Anne P., "Power, Privilege and Landscape in Minoan Art", in. However, much Minoan mortuary practice does not conform to this pattern. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. Chester Starr said in "Minoan Flower Lovers" that since Shang China and the Maya had unfortified centers and engaged in frontier struggles, a lack of fortifications alone does not prove that the Minoans were a peaceful civilization unparalleled in history. [59], Not all plants and flora were purely functional, and arts depict scenes of lily-gathering in green spaces. In 2015 List was a finalist on NBC's Last Comic Standing and had his own Half Hour comedy special on Comedy Central. However, scholars believe that these resources were not as significant as grain, olives and animal produce. [149], According to Arthur Evans, a "Minoan peace" (Pax Minoica) existed; there was little internal armed conflict in Minoan Crete until the Mycenaean period. On 25 June 1860, he restored the constitution of the Kingdom, adopted the Italian tricolour as the national flag, and promised special institutions for the Kingdom. The main export was durum wheat, with other exports including nuts, timber, oil, bacon, cheese, furs, hides, hemp and cloth. It clearly dominated Mycenaean art and Cycladic art of the same periods,[121] even after Crete was occupied by the Mycenaeans, but only some aspects of the tradition survived the Greek Dark Ages after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece. For example, citizens were not allowed to carry weapons or wear armour in public unless they were under royal command. South Court AuditoriumEisenhower Executive Office Building 11:21 A.M. EDT THE PRESIDENT: Well, good morning. [42], The Cyclades were in the Minoan cultural orbit and, closer to Crete, the islands of Karpathos, Saria and Kasos also contained middle-Bronze Age (MMI-II) Minoan colonies or settlements of Minoan traders. Unlike the Minoans however, the Mycenaeans carried a small 4-16% Bronze Age PonticCaspian steppe component. Mohammad Mosaddegh (Persian: , IPA: [mohmmd(-e) mosdde] (); 16 June 1882 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 35th Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, after appointment by the 16th Majlis. Starting in 1890, he helped develop the "right to privacy" concept by writing a Harvard Law Review article of that title, and was thereby credited by legal scholar Roscoe Pound as having [103] Individual burial was the rule, except for the Chrysolakkos complex in Malia. Linen from flax was probably much less common, and possibly imported from Egypt, or grown locally. ", "Levin and Collins Trigger Disinformation: Senate Historian Clams Up When Queried on McCarthy. [9] Barry Goldwater wrote that Evans "writes with the strength and conviction and authority of experience. The fresco known as the Sacred Grove at Knossos depicts women facing left, flanked by trees. In Western and Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive their due from society. In the mid-1150s, William lost the majority of his African possessions to a series of revolts by local North African lords. The two are inseparable. This Friday, were taking a look at Microsoft and Sonys increasingly bitter feud over Call of Duty and whether U.K. regulators are leaning toward torpedoing the Activision Blizzard deal. In the United States, an honor society is a rank organization that recognizes excellence among peers. Some Dangers From Pandemic Fatigue. Between 1935 and 1939, Greek archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos posited the Minoan eruption theory. Summary: A product requirements document (PRD) defines the requirements of a particular product, including the products purpose, features, functionality, and behavior. Whether the 'northern' ancestry in Mycenaeans was due to sporadic infiltration of Steppe-related populations in Greece, or the result of a rapid migration as in Central Europe, is not certain yet. In The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945, George H. Nash writes: It was the first libertarian book he [Evans] had ever read, and [he said] it 'opened up more intellectual perspectives to me than did the whole Yale curriculum.' He remained King of Sicily until his accession to the Spanish throne as Charles III of Spain in 1759, the treaties with Austria forbidding a union of the Italian domains with the Crown of Spain. [165][166][167] The eruption devastated the nearby Minoan settlement at Akrotiri on Santorini, which was entombed in a layer of pumice. [135], Minoan jewellery has mostly been recovered from graves, and until the later periods much of it consists of diadems and ornaments for women's hair, though there are also the universal types of rings, bracelets, armlets and necklaces, and many thin pieces that were sewn onto clothing. [16] During this period, he also built the Castel del Monte, and in 1224, he founded the University of Naples, now called Universit FedericoII. [159] According to Paul Rehak, Minoan figure-eight shields could not have been used for fighting or hunting, since they were too cumbersome. ", "M. Stanton Evans, Who Helped Shape Conservative Movement, Is Dead at 80", The Theme is Freedom: Religion, Politics, and the American Tradition by M. Stanton Evans, "Government Can Be Hazardous to Your Health (June 1975)", Banner and Pot Pourri Yearbook Class of 1954, Cadres for conservatism: young Americans for freedom and the rise of the contemporary right, American Students Organize: Founding the National Student Association after World War II: An Anthology and Sourcebook, Troy University Journalism Symposium named in honor of M. Stanton Evans, A generation divided: the new left, the new right, and the 1960s, CPAC Over 30 Years: Conservatives Have Come a Long Way, 'I Didn't Like Nixon Until Watergate': The Conservative Movement Now, Barry Goldwater and the Modern Conservative Movement, The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution, 19801989, "M. Stanton Evans to be honored at Heartland Institute's anniversary dinner", "29th Conservative Political Action Conference sets attendance record", "Unlearning the Liberal History Lesson: Some Thoughts Concerning Conservatism and Freedom" (March 1980), Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Stanton_Evans&oldid=1117932083, Articles with dead external links from May 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Markward was killed, and Frederick fell under the control of William of Capparone, an ally of the Pisans. Cliff Kincaid of Accuracy in Media was among those who began their careers through Evans' auspices. Email ESPN Radio Shows [3] He grew up in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. From 1981 to 2002, he was publisher of Consumers' Research magazine. In late 2009 Minoan-style frescoes and other artifacts were discovered during excavations of the Canaanite palace at Tel Kabri, Israel, leading archaeologists to conclude that the Minoan influence was the strongest[clarification needed] on the Canaanite city-state. [97], According to Nanno Marinatos, "The hierarchy and relationship of gods within the pantheon is difficult to decode from the images alone." By the end of the Second Palace Period, Minoan burial was dominated by two forms: circular tombs (tholoi) in southern Crete and house tombs in the north and the east. [108] The palaces were centers of government, administrative offices, shrines, workshops and storage spaces. Yet, the absence of 'northern' ancestry in the Bronze Age samples from Pisidia, where Indo-European languages were attested in antiquity, casts doubt on this genetic-linguistic association, with further sampling of ancient Anatolian speakers needed. [40], Various treaties with Genoa secured and strengthened the commercial power of Sicily.[13]. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age Aegean civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands, whose earliest beginnings were from c. 3500 BC, with the complex urban civilization beginning around 2000 BC, and then declining from c. 1450 BC until it ended around 1100 BC, during the early Greek Dark Ages, part of a wider bronze age collapse around the According to Evans, the saffron (a sizable Minoan industry) was used for dye. Most human figures are in profile or in a version of the Egyptian convention with the head and legs in profile, and the torso seen frontally; but the Minoan figures exaggerate features such as slim male waists and large female breasts. Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg (4 August 1912 disappeared 17 January 1945) was a Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat, and humanitarian.He saved thousands of Jews in German-occupied Hungary during the Holocaust from German Nazis and Hungarian fascists during the later stages of World War II.While serving as Sweden's special envoy in Budapest between July [19] Under this pretext, he came to an agreement with Louis IX, King of France. Building a great product requires tons of research and comprehensive planning. The law also includes presidential candidates, vice presidents, and former presidents. [170] Based on archaeological evidence, studies indicate that a massive tsunami generated by the Thera eruption devastated the coast of Crete and destroyed many Minoan settlements. Secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement hoping to gain power in the aftermath, ignoring the fact that Khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported. "They were very similar to Neolithic Europeans and very similar to present day-Cretans. [18] After his death, the kingdom was ruled by ConradIV of Germany. Les Empires normands dOrient, XIe-XIIIe sicles, Paris, rd. [122], Minoan art has a variety of subject-matter, much of it appearing across different media, although only some styles of pottery include figurative scenes. Today, my administration is [18] The Early Bronze Age (3500 to 2100 BC) has been described as indicating a "promise of greatness" in light of later developments on the island. Vegetables, including lettuce, celery, asparagus and carrots, grew wild on Crete. Get top headlines from the Union-Tribune in your inbox weekday mornings, including top news, local, sports, business, entertainment and opinion. Please go to the Instagram Feed settings page to connect an account. It is very often difficult to distinguish between images of worshipers, priests and priestesses, rulers and deities; indeed the priestly and royal roles may have often been the same, as leading rituals is often seen as the essence of rulership. After taking Apulia and Calabria, Roger occupied Messina with an army of 700 knights. Eventually, the Kingdom of Naples was reunited with the Crown of Aragon. There are signs of earthquake damage at many Minoan sites, and clear signs of land uplifting and submersion of coastal sites due to tectonic processes along its coast.[31]. Among these were Genoa, Pisa, the Byzantine Empire, and Egypt. [2], Evans graduated in 1955 magna cum laude from Yale University, Phi Beta Kappa,[4] with a Bachelor of Arts in English, followed by graduate work in Economics at New York University under Ludwig von Mises.[5]. After a decade, the wars over the regency and the throne itself had ceased. Hoeck, with no idea that the archaeological Crete had existed, had in mind the Crete of mythology. Building a great product requires tons of research and comprehensive planning. The two armies were united at Bari, from where in 1137 they continued their campaign. Archeological sources have found numerous bones of pregnant women, identified by the fetus bones within their skeleton found in the abdomen area, providing strong evidence that death during pregnancy and childbirth were common features within society. List is also the co-host of his own popular weekly podcast 'Tuesdays with Stories'. Aesthetically speaking, the pillars along with the stone paved northern entrance gave the palace a look and feel that was unique to the Palace of Knossos. Perrin, 2006. [129], What is called landscape painting is found in both frescos and on painted pots, and sometimes in other media, but most of the time this consists of plants shown fringing a scene, or dotted around within it. This was the highlight of the entire festival for me. WalterIII of Brienne had married the daughter of Tancred of Sicily. In exchange, Charles recognized the overlordship of the Pope in the Kingdom, paid a portion of the papal debt, and agreed to pay annual tribute to the Papal States. Am I right girls? Elements of the Middle Minoan palaces (at Knossos, Phaistos and Malia, for example) have precedents in Early Minoan construction styles. Several attempts to translate Linear A have been made, but consensus is lacking and Linear A is currently considered undeciphered. This system had two primary functions, first providing and distributing water, and secondly relocating sewage and stormwater. "An approximate Minoan Bronze Age chronology" in A.B. [7] [66] While historians and archaeologists have long been skeptical of an outright matriarchy, the predominance of female figures in authoritative roles over male ones seems to indicate that Minoan society was matriarchal, and among the most well-supported examples known.[67][66]. This is in part due to the possible presence of dwarf elephants in contemporary Egyptian art. Evans often joked that he "never liked Nixon until Watergate. [33], At the same period, the feudalisation of the Kingdom of Sicily was intensified, through the enforcement of feudal bonds and relations among its subjects. One example is the House on the Hill at Vasiliki, dated to the Early Minoan II period. Twenty-four follari were equivalent to one Byzantine miliaresion. The relationship of Minoan art to that of other contemporary cultures and later Ancient Greek art has been much discussed. The remaining Jews were gradually assimilated, and most of them converted to Roman Catholicism. I wish to continue to live in a society where people communicate with each other. [6] It was at Yale that he read One Is a Crowd by Frank Chodorov. Bull-leaping, very much centred on Knossos, is agreed to have a religious significance, perhaps to do with selecting the elite. Substantial inconsistencies as well as the absence of secret ballot further complicate the interpretation of the referendum, which Denis Mack Smith describes as being "obviously rigged". It was orchestrated by the United States (under the name TPAJAX Project or "Operation Ajax") Shapes and ornament were often borrowed from metal tableware that has largely not survived, while painted decoration probably mostly derives from frescos. It was through his admiral George of Antioch that Roger then conquered the littoral of Ifriqiya from the Zirids, taking the unofficial title "King of Africa" and marking the foundation of the Norman Kingdom of Africa. Tools, originally made of wood or bone, were bound to handles with leather straps. A collegiate secret society makes significant effort to keep affairs, membership rolls, signs of recognition, initiation, or other aspects secret from the public.. The titles were held by the Aragonese kings of the Crown of Aragon and Kingdom of Spain until the end of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg in 1700. [176] Several authors have noted evidence that Minoan civilization had exceeded its environmental carrying capacity, with archaeological recovery at Knossos indicating deforestation in the region near the civilization's later stages.