Mill Valley. Routledge. It was interesting to note that a repeated behaviour of one individual in many cases elicited different reactions from others depending on whom that individual was interacting with. A good example of dense data is a sequential analysis of shifting eye gaze patterns between two people. See what I mean: interpreting the meaning of communications by people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Journal of Advanced Nursing. We invite you to submit your paper for consideration for the next issue of Grounded Theory Review, which is published in late December and June each year. Philadelphia. It is said that data for a grounded theory research project should be obtained through using the best technique available to obtain the information that is desired (Glaser Strauss, 1967). Grounded theory offers the researcher the benefit of approaching a study without predetermined ideas of what he/she will find in relation to the social phenomena under investigation. Expressive communication strengths of adults with severe to profound intellectual disabilities as reported by group home staff. Using video methods in grounded theory research. Communication Disorders Quarterly. Video was the tool used to collect the data, and this approach to data collection, combined with a meticulous analysis of the videotapes, revealed the micro-behaviours that constitute the basic building blocks of dyadic communication. Thus, detailed analysis demonstrated the interdependence of each person in the communication process. The Grounded Theory Perspective 3: Theoretical coding. Philadelphia. Polity press. Grounded theory is not concerned with describing the data but with identifying the patterns that are inherent in the data. This was achieved by running the video-tape at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed 1/24th of a second of the action. Mill Valley. The 25 minutes of videotaped observational data in this study detailed more than 1000 incidents comprising 36,000 data points. (1984). Do you have data that could be resorted and further developed into a new grounded theory? Lastly, this study found, as others have done, that the linkage of video and classic grounded theory provides a method which has the potential to uncover patterns of human behaviours which previously were not evident and thus to explain what is happening in complex social situations (Nilsson, 2012). Dense data typically contains subtle communicative behaviour. Schonfeld made a videotape of a case study of one student engaged in a graphic educational computer game that attempted to understand virtually all the actions taken in a problem session and the mental states that lay behind them (Schonfeld, 1992, p. 182). Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and all elemental arrows. The research study from which this paper is derived aimed to develop a theory to explain how people with PIMD confront that primary difficulty and communicate with others. All communications and behaviours that were observed during the 25 minutes of video were logged into a narrative that encompassed the totality of observed behaviours of both participants in the dyad. The process that enables the person to act and to communicate is the process of attuning, which affects and reflects how the partners feel (their being), what they do and if and how they become mutually engaged. Indeed, it is suggested that it may actively hinder it (Glaser, 1998), largely because it promotes descriptive completeness rather than conceptualization of the data and hence it may hinder the development of theory. Grounded theory is a qualitative method designed to help arrive at new theories and deductions. In brief, the theory suggests that all communication takes place in a setting (the place where the dyad is located), which influences the state of mind of the people in it (their being). Typically it took five and half hours to transcribe one minute of Tony and Marys (one of the dyads) video and this covered 11 pages of transcript. The narrative was embedded in the transcription structure such that precise sequences of communication and interaction were clearly identifiable. Griffiths C. (2010). In order to overcome this danger during the data analysis I constantly looked for patterns in the data and was aware of the injunction that grounded theory is based on a latent structure analysis approach using a concept indicator model that yields emergent theoretical frameworks that the researcher must stay open to (Glaser, 2005, p. 5). (2001). The increasing sophistication of the memos was in many ways the key to the process and it enabled an understanding of how a minutely detailed micro-communication such as a glance from one person to another might form part of a macro-theory which explains how the attention process (of which eye gaze is one small part) operates. There is evidence that staff who work with people with PIMD frequently use complex language and plentiful verbal communications when interacting (Bradshaw, 2001). This view is reinforced by Heacock et al who comment on the capacity of video to allow fine-grained recording, they state that it is not unusual for an observer replaying a videotape to detect nuances in non verbal behaviour that an observer in the field setting missed (Heacock et al., 1996, p. 336). Nakken H. and Vlaskamp C. (2007). They require virtually total care in terms of assistance in activities of daily living (Cascella, 2005), they often have accompanying secondary disabilities such as epilepsy, physical disability or mental health difficulties (Nakken and Vlaskampf, 2007) and they do not use speech, but generally interact using non-verbal communications (Hogg et al., 2001). This difficulty is magnified for people with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD), who are confronted with many challenges in living their daily lives. The Pragmatics of Human Communication. Aldine DeGruyter. The answer to that question can only be a subjective one, which was: not very much. This had to be carried out in order to render as precise a written description of the data as possible. The fieldwork for the study took place in a school for adolescents and young adults with PIMD in Ireland. From a grounded theory viewpoint, a legitimate criticism of such a process is that the over concern with detailed description may impede the raising of the analysis to the conceptual level. It also enabled the patterns in the data to be identified. Glaser B (2005). Please submit your paper no later than April 1 for the June edition and September 15 for the December edition. This paper presents a method for the collection and analysis of qualitative data that is derived by observation and that may be used to generate a grounded theory. Wilder J. Each weapon in the game has a fixed damage type, and cannot be changed. Two principles of communication: co-regulation and framing. This begged the question: Did my presence affect the action that was taking place? It seemed to me that such an assumption underpinned the identification of the main concern of the participants and how they resolved it. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition. The progression in the data analysis process is described from descriptions of these micro-behaviours towards the emergence of the concepts of the theory. In short, the verbal-behavioural data juncture may reveal accurate detailed description of the behaviour that is observed or it may not. The nature of people with such severe disabilities is that they cannot interact in an ordinarily recognised manner; they have little or no speech and their non-verbal behaviours tend to be idiosyncratic. In order to achieve this aim video recording was used. Caldwell P. (2007). Equally in many cases a pattern was established, whereby the same behaviour of one person consistently elicited the same reaction from the other person. There were three participants in the study who had a severe or profound intellectual disability, each of whom was observed in the classroom with a non disabled person, namely the staff member who was chiefly responsible for the persons care, support and education. Such complex communications are not likely to be understood by the person with PIMD. Sociology Press. The fruit of this process was the fine-grained detail of incidents and sequences in behaviour that constituted the transcription and formed the basis for the data analysis. Consistency, context and confidence in judgments of affective communication in adults with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. There were two limitations in this study to the use of video. Scope of Research: Grounded theoretical research attempts to describe or explore a specific issue. Sociology Press. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. London. 45:18-29. Furthermore, it suggests that this is a reciprocal process whereby the concepts and processes apply equally to both persons who are communicating, irrespective of whether they have a disability. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Grounded Theory: the Philosophy, Method and Work of Barney Glaser. The consequence of my presence in the classroom setting was that I took the role of observer as participant (Speziale and Carpenter, 2007), which led to minimal participation in the action. New Perspectives in Early Communication Development. ISSN: 1556-1550. Such minute changes in behaviours are virtually impossible to identify without using video (Nilsson, 2012). Elemental Weaknesses and Resistances are primary factors that can affect the damage a specific weapon deals to a certain creature. Classic grounded theory (CGT) was chosen as the preferred method for the study because so little was known about the patterns of communication that were inherent in what the study participants did. These difficulties are functional in that they affect the way in which interaction occurs between people who do not have a disability (primarily staff and relatives) and those who do. Because grounded theory research is collection method neutral (Glaser, 2007, p. 20), as a research method, it can conceptualise any form of data. Because grounded theory research is "collection method neutral" (Glaser, 2007, p. 20), as a research method, it can conceptualise any form of data. There are 6 different damage types in the game, but the sixth type, Generic, acts as a "neutral" type, with no creatures being weak nor resistant to it. Each pair (dyad of staff and person with PIMD) was observed for one hour, engaged in activities such as playing games, singing stories, painting and participating in gross motor activities such as throwing a ball and walking. Speziale H. and Carpenter D. (2007). From Isolation to Intimacy, Making Friends without Words. Understanding how people communicate is difficult both for those who have the experience of an intellectual disability and for those who attempt to communicate with them (Caldwell 2007). This approach fitted with that of grounded theory. Glaser comments that baseline data is the best description the participant can offer (Glaser, 1998, p. 9). A check sheet of indicative behaviours was developed in order to orient the researcher to the types of behaviours that might be found. The application by one person of attention to the stimulus of the other is not inevitable, but if it does occur, it will affect how the person acts and if they become engaged (communicate) or not. Mill Valley. A discussion of the arguments for and against video-taping in the context of the development of grounded theory is presented and finally the strengths and weakness of the method are considered. In the context of thick description of an event, he notes that the descriptions were thicker than most (Schonfeld ,1992, p. 209). Interpreted data and vaguing out are the least accurate data form. Interactional data can be derived from interviews or alternatively from observation. New York. Video recording was integral to the research method and as such it is recommended as a mechanism for the investigation of interaction particularly in situations where the nature of the interaction is obscure. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. Cambridge. There is a danger in over reliance on descriptive data because the data may dominate the findings to the point that an accurate description of what happened emerges rather than a conceptual theory. Some weak points are only vulnerable to certain damage types, such as eye weak points being vulnerable to only Stabbing damage. Equally, persons with profound intellectual and multiple disability interpret and react to staff behaviours and communications. Accurate descriptions of what is going on run a poor second to socially structured fictions (Glaser 2001, p. 146). 2 179-214. Lippincott. Thus, grounded theory avoids preconceived assumptions, offering a more neutral view of understanding human action in a social context (Simmons, 2006). Hogg J, Reeves D, Roberts J and Mudford O.C. London. Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and . The video records show that for most of the time, the participants were involved in interacting with each other and appeared to give little thought to the camera and observer. The constant comparison process not only generated codes that changed as the data analysis continued, but it also generated memos. We would like to expand the open access database with more grounded theories that truly demonstrates the interdisciplinary potential of the classic grounded theory method. However, staff must interpret what they understand of the communications of the person with intellectual disability so that they can act as advocates and facilitators for them (Grove et al., 1999). As well as being non-verbal, people with this severe degree of disability have only a restricted capacity to communicate in any mode (Grove et al., 1999). When the reaction changed, the influence of different variables in the setting could be identified as the cause. This study attempted to uncover some of the more fundamental elements and the inherent patters in the complex nature of human interaction. Furthermore, the precursors of each persons interactions were made explicit. This study collected interactional data. This can induce the Hawthorne effect (Heacock et al., 1996), which suggests that the presence of the researcher affects the people being observed (Polit and Hungler, 1999) and therefore the observed behaviours are changed because an observer is seen to be watching. Through a comparison of these concepts, they plan theories. However, there was no evidence observable to me to gainsay that conclusion. However, interactional observations have been specifically identified as a form of data that may generate theory (Glaser, 2007). London. The problem is that the accurate ascription of meaning to anothers interaction is difficult for both parties. The first was that I was present in the classrooms where the interaction took place and my presence was compounded by the video camera and the stand upon which it sat. Glaser B. The result was that the memos wove a horizontal mesh that named the relationships that were inherent in the theory, some of which are detailed in section two. In Nadel J and Camaioni L, (Eds). The second limitation of using videotaped data in this study was the length of time that the analysis took. Table 1. Furthermore, it appeared that these virtues would facilitate the emergence of an accurate understanding of the patterns of behaviour that were embedded in the data. The all is data perspective requires many incidents to compare and saturate categories (Glaser, 2001). Indicative behaviours. Players can take advantage of creatures' elemental weaknesses by imbuing weapons with Damage Augments at the Smithing Station using various elemental globs and jewels. 6:6-15. Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association. As previously mentioned, this method is typically used when a . Brown Walker Press. In undertaking this study, I took as the starting point Watzlawick et al.s (1967) statement that observation of non-verbal behaviours has been shown to offer a powerful insight into the meaning that people place on an interaction. Videotaped recording as a method off participant observation in psychiatric nursing research. (1998). The theory suggests that the process of attuning regulates communication. That view is an interpretation of the behavioural evidence. It seemed to this researcher that the virtue of grounded theory was its ability to accept all forms of data and also its neutrality in terms of its approach to the data. Nursing Research: Principles and methods. Thus, verbal interactions, non-verbal interactions, and all observable behaviours that were displayed by the participants in the dyads in the view of the camera constituted the data. 31 (5):1252-1257. However, as the interaction was analyzed 24 times per second, the precise record of how a persons gaze shifted from one focus to another was identifiable, as was the movement of the persons attention from one stimulus to another and the resulting changes in eye gaze and other interactions of the second person in the dyad. Thus, it facilitated the emergence of a theory explaining how the participants met the main concern. The transcription of the videotapes was the most painstaking and slow phase of the data analysis. Damage Weaknesses and Resistances are secondary factors that can affect the damage a specific weapon deals to a certain creature. Schonfeld A.H. (1992). Indeed, it took two months of intensive work to transcribe 13 minutes of tape. They continue until they reach sample saturation, in which no new information upsets . Following the 50th anniversary wish of GTs co-founder Dr. Barney Glaser, we would like to see a conglomerate of new grounded theories that span a wide array of disciplines and topics and that demonstrate general applicability and conceptual strengths in diverse social contexts. Qualitative Research In Nursing. The Journal of Learning Sciences. Glaser B (2007). The check sheet was based on the relevant literature but also on discussions with Jenny Wilder, who had conducted similar observations of young children with intellectual disability (Wilder, 2005). This constitutes the verbal-actual axis (Glaser, 2001) of both talk and behaviour. Bradshaw J. Nursing Research 45(6):336-338. To sum up this section, video enables data to be collected that is permanently on record, that can be very complex or dense and that can be analyzed precisely in fine detail. All is data. The database of the Grounded Theory Review now contains more than a hundred articles on classic grounded theoriesfrom either a methodological or a theoretical perspective. However, that precision was only made possible because of another aspect of video, namely its permanence which meant that it could be viewed as many times as required and in many different ways. As explained above, the videotape was analyzed by running it at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed the action of 1/24th of a second. Nilsson L. (2012). Through the constant comparison of the emergent categories, ideas were developed that explored emergent relationships between those categories and also between codes both within and between categories. However, a sense that the solution to the problem lay in the detail was a starting point in seeking answers to the research question. The paper concludes by suggesting that using classic grounded theory to analyze qualitative data that is collected using video offers a method that has the potential to uncover and explain patterns of non-verbal interactions that were not previously evident. (2001). Grounded theory classifies data into four types, in descending order of accuracy these are: baseline data which is the participants best description of what he or she has to say, properline data, which is named when the participant tells what he/she thinks he or she is supposed to say. Eye gaze changes quickly, at times up to three to four times per second. Micro-incidents may be regarded as constituting an important data source for the generation of theory because ultimately, an understanding of what is going on in the data is derived from constant comparison of micro-incidents, rather than macro-situations (Glaser, 1998). Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 4:48-66. Glaser B. (1991). (2005). Latvala E, Vuokila-Oikkonen P, Janhonen S. (2000). Heacock P, Souter E and Chastian J.(1996). Diary records show that I had spent some considerable time becoming familiarised with the participants before the observations commenced. This took the group (the number of whom is not specified in the report) 18 months to analyze 7 hours of video. Attuning therefore describes the nature of the continuous process of communication, the understanding of which is the main concern of the participants in the study. For example, people with such severe degrees of disability may do things slowly, pause unexpectedly or indeed produce very few behaviours (Ware, 2003), making understanding of the significance of their behaviours problematic. Weak Points are unique areas on some creatures that deal critical damage when hit. Micro-incidents are the bedrock data that generated the categories which form the basis of the theory. Tizard Learning Disability Review. The advantages of using video to record, and subsequently to document the action and interaction that was the subject of the study, were immense. Heritage J. On paradigms and methods: what do you do when the ones you know dont do what you want them to? Jessica Kingsley. (Personal communication). I was aware of this danger and took active steps to avoid it by appropriate application of the constant comparative method. (1993). Grounded Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Such lengthy data analysis is not untypical. Communication partnerships with people with profound and multiple learning disabilities. Cascella P. (2005). In considering whether such doubts apply to the use of video recorded data, Nilsson (2012) reports that Glaser acknowledges that the use of video is the only method that is sufficiently sensitive to be capable of capturing micro-communications and that for research participants who are non-verbal and therefore communicate by means of macro and micro non-verbal communications, there is no other method of collecting original information explaining what was happening in their field of interest (Nilsson, 2012, p. 107), that is, baseline data. Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Nilsson emphasises the utility of thorough transcriptions of micro-events, which enables the researcher to become aware of the small details, changes and deviations in the action on the video recording (Nilsson, 2012, p. 110). Creating a responsive environment for people with profound and multiple learning difficulties. Video offered a possibility of examining these behaviours and those of the non-disabled partner in detail, with the consequence that the grounded theoretical analysis made it possible to identify the main concern of the participants. Subjects, data and videotapes. 26:156-162. Once coding of the data commenced the codes were tracked by physically moving and amending hard copies of each code as the code evolved and as its location within the emerging theory became clear. The effect of the multiple difficulties that people with profound intellectual and multiple disability are confronted with is that they have to deal with a world where they receive restricted sensory inputs which they must interpret through the prism of a limited cognitive ability. Glaser B. and Strauss A. Watzlawick P, Bavelas J. and Jackson D. (1967). The early memos detailed the properties of the codes, but as time went by, the memos indicated how codes should be sorted and tentatively named the categories (concepts) to which they belonged. Doing Grounded Theory. Such detailed analysis allowed the synchrony in the interaction process to become clear, as well as the relationship between motor movements of both persons to become evident as the movements of each developed and decayed. Issues in the analysis of data in the form of videotapes. London, Norton. (1967). Attuning: A theory of interaction of people with severe and profound intellectual and multiple disability and their carers. At the same time, the reliance on detailed baseline data meant that the patterns of behaviour that were being identified were patterns of very small behaviours, behaviours that might ordinarily remain unobserved. Detailed descriptions of every action, pose, posture, movement, gesture and vocalisation of the participants were made. The persons state of mind influences how the person behaves. Ware J (2003). Heritage concurs with this view and notes that attaining a high level of precision is enabled by videotaped data (Heritage, 1984). The outcome of the study was that a theory of attuning emerged to explain the interactional process (Griffiths, 2010). Video permits the fine-grained, detailed nature of the data that is; its density to be made explicit (Latvala et al., 2000). In all, over 200 memos were written. This tendency for the data to self-correct was evident in the identification and emergence of the categories of data in the study. The Grounded Theory Review 6 (2):1-22. However, functionally, the primary practical concern that they have is how to communicate with a complex and at times forbidding world. In short, the density of the data was uncovered through the precise nature of the analysis. This was by no means a comprehensive list of behaviours but it illustrates typical macro and micro-behaviours that occur in this type of interaction. As such, each episode in the tape was viewed in real time, in slow motion and generally frame-by-frame, in order to ascertain the exact behaviours that were occurring and the precise sequences in which they occurred. Fogel A. Video recordings were made of three of these dyads, each of which consisted of one student with PIMD and one carer or teacher (who was the students keyworker). He or she may offer a stimulus to the other person in the dyad, to which the other may attend and then action may follow. On a few occasions I interacted with the participants in order to maintain the relationship which had been established prior to and during the data-gathering period. Mill Valley. This paper has considered how grounded theory may be utilized as a mechanism for the analysis of observational qualitative data that is derived from videotaped interactions. In order to manage the mass of recorded data, just two of the three recordings were examined and between them selected episodes of interaction were examined, which yielded 25 minutes of data which were transcribed and analyzed. Features of Grounded Theory. The quality most clearly demonstrated by the analytic process was its precision. Thus attuning may be regarded as a dynamic process that describes how the communication partners move towards or away from each other cognitively and affectively. Polit D. and Hungler B. In particular it was important to extend the uncovering of patterns within the detailed data of very small behaviours of the participants. Sociology Press. Target behaviours in unstructured interaction research. In this case, the interactions were of people with profound intellectual disability and their carers and teachers. Are you working on a formal theory, or are you reflecting on a methodological issue? Players can take advantage of creatures' elemental weaknesses by imbuing weapons with Damage Augments at the Smithing Station using various elemental globs and jewels. The theory of attuning has seven concepts: setting, being, stimulus, attention, action, engagement and the core category of attuning. Using Grounded Theory to Analyze Qualitative Observational Data that is Obtained by Video Recording, The Grounded Theory Review is published by Sociology Press The narrative data that was collected detailed the sequence of interactions. Such challenges centre around how to comprehend the world that they live in. Grove N, Bunning K, Porter J and Olsson C. (1999). However, video unveils this world of nuanced expressions and makes these communicative behaviours amenable to interpretation. Researchers collect data through any means they prefer and then analyze the facts to arrive at concepts. Boca Raton, Florida. David Fulton. Sociology Press. Journal of the Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. The theory of attuning offers a theoretical explanation of how people with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disability communicate with others. As a result, in some interaction sequences several behaviours could be identified as occurring in a very short period of time, with the result that a very fine detail of what happened in the communication was evident. Arising from that transcription it became possible to identify the patterns in the micro-behaviours and micro-communications that constituted the interaction process. A need for a taxonomy for profound intellectual and multiple disabilities.