Sir Thomas Elyot (14907-1546) wrote the Governour (1531) which is a treatise on moral philosophy modelled on Italian works and full of the spirit of Roman antiquity. In collaboration, they both wrote enormous Sonnets inspired by those of Italy. There are many myths about Jonsons hostility with Shakespeare. Shakespeare, the leading figure, was an actor and has a share in a theater. In rural England, people were under the spell of magic. During the Renaissance, Shakespeare was the maestro of the dramatic genre. It is the planetary body which moves around the sun. Furthermore, these authors wrote their protagonists as flawed individuals prone to sin and destruction. It was accepted by both, the Catholics and the Protestants. Simplicity, clarity and naturalness expressive. 2What are the 3 main characteristics of the Renaissance? -The differences between Youth and Aging. It addresses the social conditions of that time. Shakespeare started acting and writing the plays. The Norton Anthology The five major themes of the Renaissance were humanism, secularism, individualism, rationalism, and virtu. It was the first permanent kind of theatre. -emphasized new areas of study (liberal arts or humanities) -Renaissance = rebirth which was applied to the renewed interest in study and application of the classics. The origins of Renaissance art can be traced to Italy in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. He apologized to native English writers for hiding their talent. 1845. Dramas: Sejanus, Catiline, Everyman in his Humor, Comedies: The Case is Altered, Eastward Hoe, The Devil Is an Ass, The Magnetic Lady, The Sad Shepherd, The Alchemist, A Tale of Tub, Poetry: A Celebration of Charis, Execration against Vulcan. The Norton Anthology Henry VIII was the ruler of English from 1509-1547. Poe, Edgar Allen. Historical Plays: Julius Caesar, Richard III, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VIII, Coriolanus, Antony and Cleopatra. momento mori More learned from a sailor about a kingdom of nowhere where social upheavals are dealt with common sense and justice. The Southern Renaissance changed this by addressing three major themes in their works. What is Literature? The man was no more feared by the persecution. Ralph Roister Doister is modelled upon Plautus and Terence. Passing on to the prose writers of the Elizabethan age-the age of the flowering of the Renaissance-we find them markedly influenced both in their style and thought-content by the revival of the antique classical learning. Similarly, Poe utilizes natural surroundings to contribute to the gothic atmosphere. It is, according to Tucker Brook, "the best expression in literature of the attack that the Oxford reformers were making upon the medieval system. " He scoffed Shakespeares plays for being nonsensical and using inexistent coasts. He was stabbed to death in an inn and his career ended just after it started. One of the primary themes is racial identity. Folly in the title basically denotes the cruelty of kings, the selfishness of clergymen and ignorant standards of education. Classical influence and Italian literature was brought to England by these two men. The Cask of Amontillado. Ed. It developed in Italian cities of Florence and Venice in the safe hands of Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael. They refused to copy Roman drama as slavishly as the writers of Gorboduc and Roister Doister. These years produced a gallery of authors of genius, some of whom have never been surpassed, and conferred on scores of lesser talents the enviable ability to write with fluency, imagination, and verve. Nina Baym, Ed. This led to a more cohesive body of literature with shared themes. Your impression on Queen Elizabeths poem, The Lady in the Looking Glass: A Reflection, Perodo de Orientacin y Evaluacin Diciembre 2015- Febrero 2016, Perodo de orientacin y Evaluacin Diciembre 2016- Febrero 2017, Perodo de Orientacin y Evaluacin DIc 2017-Feb 2018, Periodo de orientacion y evaluacin 2018-2019, Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin 3.0 Unported. Visual art was not significant in the English Renaissance. With The Fall of the House of Usher, Poe establishes the mood of the work by painting a vivid picture of how the surrounding natures darkness has bled into the mansion itself. In order to submit a comment to this post, please write this code along with your comment: 105372471d99c3e4a95246da5d60d3e4. -Making the most of time(mementomori, ageing, carpe diem, you only live once), Themes covered by the three Renaissance poems studied: "When I read great literature, great drama, speeches, or sermons, I feel that the human mind has not achieved anything greater than the ability to share feelings and thoughts through. This essay was written by a fellow student. Surrey worked under the supervision of Sir Thomas Wyatt. Prominent among these scholars were William Grocyn (14467-1519), Thomas Linacre (1460-1524), and John Colet (14677-1519). However, the content of these texts was very difficult for the readers. He also composed a beautiful ode, on his marriage with Elizabeth Boyle, with the title of Epithalamion. Memento mori or Mortality (Remember youll die) -momentum mori Shakespeares sonnets are known as Shakespearean Sonnet. The Southern Renaissance (also known as Southern Renascence) was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of writers such as William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, Caroline Gordon, Margaret Mitchell, Katherine Anne Porter, Erskine Caldwell, Allen Tate, Tennessee Williams, Robert Penn Warren, and Zora Neale Hurston, among others. 100. //= $post_title He lived in a play loving age and that is why his work is overmastered in this genre. Renaissance is a French term which means rebirth or revival; Rebirth of literature and art in the 14th and 16th century on the old classical models. your own essay or use it as a source, but you need While Transcendentalists and Dark Romanticists both published narratives in the American Renaissance, Dark Romanticists presented a much more cynical take on comparable topics. 1440-1483. Lets consider Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. Dust in Epitaph by Sir Walter Raleigh represents death. Enjoying life/Carpe Diem The Renaissance age is the age of drama and poetry. -youth vs. aging, the themes of the poems we have read: The literary genres of the Renaissance. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It will sound like a revolutionary idea if you were born in the 16th century. It is often described as beginning with N. Scott Momaday's House Made of . Today, the characters Romeo and Juliet Are considered archetypes of young lovers. Nina Baym, Ed. She was known as the Queen Virgin, wedded to the nation. And explored that earth is not flat rather it is round. Catherine of Aragon was the wife of Henry VIII. -tempus fugit, beauty and the pride that often accompanies it In order to glorify love and humour, he wrote Four Hymns in 1576. Art. The persona insists on language and its relation to death when he says that it shuts up the story of the poems. Renaissance Literature Themes - eNotes.com Renaissance Literature Themes T he main themes in Renaissance literature include antiquity, individualism, and faith in reason. He kept Italian models in his view and composed his poetry. Human life, pursuits, and even body came to be glorified. They faced their daily life and survived thanks to their great cunning. It laid the foundation for an authorized version of the Bible. It suggests that he could do anything for his desires. The Moorish novel was a subgenre that was very popular in late 16th century Spain. "The revival", as Legoius says, "was an uphill task; verse had to be drawn from the languor to which it had sunk in Stephen Hawes, and from the disorder in which a Skelton had plunged it; all had to e done anew". yo only live once, the themes of the poems we have read are: The classical literature came to Europe. Death danced. Shakespeare embraced the Renaissance in the following . Juani! More learned from a sailor about a kingdom of nowhere where social upheavals are dealt with common sense and justice. . -tempus fugit Now the sun does not move. She was married to the nation and wrote some occasional poems. -carpe diem Also included areLa Galatea(1585) by Miguel de Cervantes,La Arcadia(1598) by Lope de Vega andLa Constant Amarilis(1607) by Cristbal Surez de Figueroa. 3What are the main points of the Renaissance? Dr. Faustus gets everything he desires. In the essay Criteria of Negro Art by Dubois, he raises four main issues regarding the African American Art. In Nathaniel Hawthornes stories, he portrayed the woods as a dark force. In this year comes Copernicuss Revolutions of the Celestial Orbits Earth. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. Italy has been the official place where the pope lived. A girl is given norms to follow by society at a young age. In this section, we have learned that the Revival of Learning was a significant characteristic of the renaissance period. However, More seems also to be indebted to the then recent discoveries of the explorers and navigators-like Columbus and Vasco da Gama who were mostly of Spanish and Portuguese nationalities. Discovering Literature: 20th century Few historical concepts have such powerful resonance as the Renaissance. 2448 Words10 Pages. Marlowe is known as the greatest Elizabethan dramatist. The war was fought in the BC in Greece, centuries before the Renaissance age. ". Half of the poems belonged to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey also known as Wyatt and Surrey. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2012. The atmosphere of these stories was bucolic and country. In Raleighs work, she is Cynthia. Renaissance Literature dealt with religion, historical and social issues. The border areas were traditionally disturbed but she maintained and sustained peace brilliantly in those conflicting areas. Contrary to the spiritual, positive view of nature in Transcendentalism, these authors illustrated nature as ominous and powerful. Nevertheless, once it did, it took the country by storm. It was Queen Elizabeth who made the Anglican Church a reality. Human beings were now regarded responsible for their own actions and the good or evil within them originated in people rather than some outside agents. Its theme was about the pleasures that got the privileged who managed to communicate with God. b) Secondly, it signalised a revolt against spiritual authority-the authority of the Pope. ?>. This verse epic has had a great influence on English literature but it was overshadowed when Shakespeare, Wyatt and Surrey stepped into the genre of poetry. His well-known work is his epic, The Faerie Queene, which was published in 1590. It also has a love for beauty. Renaissance literature developed in Italy during the Renaissance period , between the 15th and 16th centuries. -tempus fugit, Momentum mori The book is about songs of victory for New Learning that have dragged away humanity from three foes; ignorance, superstition and vice. It is characterized by the adoption of a humanist philosophy and the recovery of the classical Antiquity. (c) Thirdly, the Renaissance implied a greater perception of beauty and polish in the Greek and Latin scholars. Though the subject matter of this book is medieval, Malory preserved the legends of Britain and found a place in the renaissance period. Anglican Church was a kind of agreement between Catholics and Protestants. Joy Harjo: Joy Harjo is a poet, musician and screenwriter recognized as a major voice of the 1960s-ear Native American literary renaissance. Indirect and direct borrowings
Queen Elizabeth has managed it quite brilliantly both inside and outside of the country. Marlowes doomed character, Dr Faustus truly represents the spirit of the renaissance. The renaissance gave many such writers who satisfy these desires. In it the relations between Moors and Christians are told in an idealized way. Resurgence of Greco-Roman myths and . also known as Kingdom of Nowhere was published in 1516. The three poems reflect the tension between the lyrical I and time, through which the former opposes resistance to the pressure of the latter. -Beauty and youth Italy was the hub of literary activities and renaissance also sprung from that region. Sense and feeling of patriotism is another characteristic of the English Renaissance. The light of the Renaissance came very slowly to the isolated island of England, so that when it did come in all its brilliance in the sixteenth century, the Renaissance in Italy had already become a spent force. Renaissance intellectuals distinguished themselves by their flagrant anti-authoritarianism. Curiosity aroused and man became the centre of the universe. His poetical works are the following; The Shepherds Calendar, which was published in 1579. What it becomes when a little dose of humanism is mixed up with Catholicism. harmony in order to life, The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature. -The importance of Beauty and Youth but also that of modern Italy. -youth vs. aging. -Memento Mori. The theater tradition got popularized during this age. Of the two, Wyatt had travelled extensively in Italy and France and had come under the spell of Italian Renaissance. This tradition had its origin in the liturgical drama and had progressed through the miracle and the mystery, and later the morality, to the interlude. Do not waste time Tempus fugit or Carpe diem (time passes fast, take advantage of time, live the moment) Their attitude toward life has changed. The English Renaissance produced many good poets. As many critics have noted, the literature from the Harlem Renaissance displayed a wide variety of themes and topics; in fact, some have blamed this lack of cohesion for its supposed failure to . Among the representative works of this subgenre are, among others,El Abencerraje(1565) by Alonso de Villegas,Civil Wars of Granada(first part, 1595) by Gins Prez de Hita yOzmn and Darajaby Mateo Alemn. -emphasized the critical study of the Greek and roman classics in order to better understand human nature and bring about new age of intellectual achievement. Taking advantage of beauty and youth It addresses the social conditions of that time. With the invention of the printing press in the 16th century, English literary tradition increased gradually and an abundance of books was printed. -momentum mori Usually used to describe the rediscovery of classical Roman and Greek culture in the late 1300s and 1400s and the great pan-European flowering in art, architecture, literature, science, music, philosophy and politics that this inspired, it has been interpreted as the epoch that made the modern world truly . The focus of this age was on pre- Christian literature which was from Greeks and Romans. They composed songs and sonnets and also called the first modern poets. At that time, people believed in them. Renaissance Literature was written in early modern English. Similarly, thepilgrim in his homeland(1604) by Lope de Vega,The works of Persiles and Sigismunda(1617) by Miguel de Cervantes andHistory of the fortunes of Semprilis and Genorodano(1629) by Juan Enrquez de Ziga stand out. The Queen herself is regarded as the product of renaissance. The first was the burden of history in a place where many people still remembered slavery . Order custom essay The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature Previous to this impact there had been a pretty vigorous native tradition of drama, particularly comedy. Among others, we can mention in this group of works belonging to the literary genres of the RenaissanceHistoria de los amores de Clareo y Florisea(1552) by Alonso Nez de Reinoso andSelva de aventura(1565), by Jernimo de Contreras. -Tempus Fugit -regret Along with this, their focus was also on the depth, thoughtfulness and originality of the idea. It was based on the narration of the heroic deeds (real or mythical) of knights errant. . While no exact consensus exists as to when the Renaissance began or when it ended, most scholars accept the notion that the period began sometime during the 15th century. He contributed to English poetry with The Induction. Martin Luther stood up against the Catholic Church. Robert S. Levine. Causing the Rising in altitude though Create their While slicing lives for Thus only stumps appear Give birth to yourself; don't wait for a mid-wife I know that everybody dies;. He becomes mistrustful of everyone and allows this knowledge to affect his life so completely that even his dying hour was gloom (Hawthorne 395). Shabash Shakes! What makes him superior to Wyatt and Surrey is freedom from technical errors. We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. Similarly, he disdained the physiological needs of individuals as being of a lower order. It was Wyatt and Surrey who came forward to do it. In addition, inDark Night of the Soul hecommented on those same stanzas and the beginning of the third, and inLlama de amor viva, he commented on the homonymous poem. The Renaissance and Romanticism were periods of history in which literature changed the mindset of the people. Plays: Dido, Queen of Carthage, Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta, Doctor Faustus, Edward II, The Massacre at Paris, Poetry: Translation of Book One of Lucans Pharsalia, Translation of Ovids Amores, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, Hero and Leander. Carpe diem Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville, authors of the genre, often corresponded with one another. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Save time and let our verified experts help you. Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello. It is very different from that of the Italian Renaissance in many ways. Religion was not as strong as it used to be. philosophy to the doctrines of Christianity, thus giving birth to a vast literature characterised by polemics, casuistry, and sophistry which did not advance man in any way. The movement penetrated slowly in England because she was not that much accepting of the change. It was Sir Thomas Wyatt who bestowed English Poetry with grace, harmony and nobility. The Renaissance took its time to reach the Iberian peninsula. Thanks to epistemology, more people sought knowledge for personal . Common Themes in Romanticism, The Enlightenment, and the Renaissance Posted by Nicole Smith , Dec 7, 2011 Fiction Comments Closed Print When considering three major movements in world civilization and history; Romanticism, the Enlightenment, and the Renaissance, one theme that runs throughout is that of rebellion. Shakespeare is no more with us. They started living a new life. Reading the works of these 10 Renaissance writers will not only give you a good idea of what characterized Renaissance thought and philosophy, but it will also give you a solid grasp of modern writing in general because these writers are where our modern sense of literature began. The presented view of nature was idealized, while society was simple and free from the corruption of city life. This has led to the African Americans expressing their emotions through art that helps them campaign for their freedom. She had moderate policies which made her popular in her masses. Petrarch's love poetry is of the courtly kind, in which the pining lover is shown as a "servant" of his mistress with his heart tempest-tossed by her neglect and his mood varying according to her absence or presence. The word "Utopia" is from Greek "ou topos" meaning "no place". Now, the themes dealt with in the productions of these literary genres of the Renaissance exalted life in the country, the enjoyment of the present moment and the appreciation of time. The pasing of time Many African Americans moved to the North to escape. -carpe diem Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Then it came to France. In order to resolve the issues of their head and heart, they sought refuge in magic. Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge . He composed songs, sonnets, madrigals and elegies. Retrieved from https://phdessay.com/the-influence-of-the-renaissance-on-english-literature/, Hire skilled expert and get original paper in 3+ hours, Run a free check or have your essay done for you, Didn`t find the right sample? For example, the themes of Shakespeares The Winters Tale are those ideas on which Christianity put stress. .Beauty vs. What had been a stagnant, even backsliding kind of society re-invested in the promise of material and spiritual gain. Queen Elizabeth. Impossible love, the pains experienced by a lack of love or the impossibility of love is the way in which this theme that abounds in Renaissance works is usually treated. passing of time Other works worth mentioning within this group are theBook of entertainment of the rogue Justina(1605) by Francisco Lpez de beda,Life of Don Gregorio Guadaa(1644) by Antonio Enrquez Gmez andPeriquillo el de las gallineras(1668) by Francisco Santos . Though Herman Melville supported activism such as prison reform, he did not share the more optimistic views of Transcendentalists. passing of time 13 Main Literary Periods and Movements. The Rise of the Merchant Class. Renaissance provides the foundations to the modern age. Drama: The revival of ancient classical learning scored its first clear impact on English drama in the middle of the sixteenth century. It is also regarded as the finest piece of literature of the age of quest and exploration. The woods represent Hawthornes view of human nature: unpredictable and difficult to understand. It refers to a period of increased literary production by Native American authors within the United States. These are the 13 main literary periods and movements. Their works acted as a foil to the more optimistic bent of Transcendentalist literature. After Marlow, Shakespeare took the torch and led the crew. Many characters die or are irreparably changed by the end of Dark Romanticist literature. Key Terms Spenserian stanza: Fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem "The Faerie Queene." Catholics, Protestants and Anglicans were engaged in a great struggle for the redemption of peoples souls. The end of life Beauty of youth 2 Renaissance literature is at the same time a mixture of different elements from previous literary movements and a reaction against those movements. The typical themes in Renaissance poetry that we have read thus far are: -Carpe Diem. The tax was imposed on the rich to support the poor. At the time of death, twenty-one plays were staged and manuscripted, and various had been printed in quarto. A keen interest in the classics was perceived. Despite sharing membership in the American Renaissance with Transcendentalists, Dark Romanticists took a more pessimistic view of human nature, writing narratives characterized by destruction and sin. Some of the productions in this subgenre areLa vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades(1554) of anonymous origin,Guzmn de Alfarache(between 1599 and 1604) byMateo Alemn, andLa vida del Buscn(1604-1620) byFrancisco de Quevedo when we have the information . The "otherworldliness" gave place to "this-worldliness". The drama was very much famous in this age. It is a great book to read. His plays are classified in three classes; historical, comedy and tragedy. brevity of life Renaissance Themes The four new main ideas that came from the Renaissance; individualism, classicism, scientific rationalism, and humanism. Whalers. She has been in prominent authors and poets literary works. Check out our renaissance theme selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. The "Native American Renaissance" is a term coined by Kenneth Lincoln in 1983. The belief in the heroism and morality of the South's "Lost Cause" was a driving force in Southern literature between the Civil War and World War I. To this subgenre belongArcadia(1504) by Jacopo Sannazaro,The Seven Books of Diana(1559) by Jorge de Montemayor andDiana in Love(1564) by Gaspar Gil Polo. He signs the agreement and gets extensive powers for 24 years. This made people focus on heaven and afterlife. Science, art and literature began to rise up. Themes in Renaissance Literature Humanism Religion vs. Magic Mathematics, Science & Technology Exploration Women: Gender and sexuality Art The Rise of the Merchant Class Queen Elizabeth Mythology & the Classic Tradition The Protestant Reformation An English Renaissance This translation brought English to a standard level for scholars and fixed English for native speakers. In this respect Marlowe stands in the fore-front of the University Wits. Print. It was a historical era with distinctive themes in learning, politics, literature, art, religion, social life, and music. Type your requirements and I'll connect you to an academic expert within 3 minutes. In that time (15-16th century), there was a passage from feudal economy to an economy based on traid, rural agriculture to trade in the city: Little by little from monarchy to republic. The Renaissance was a period between the 1300s and 1660. Even in Italy, no great literature was produced in order to revive the classics. The English Renaissance roughly starts from the 1520s. In literature the term "Renaissance" is used to denote the revival of ancient classical literature and culture and re-awakening of human mind, after the long sleep in the Medieval Ages, to the glory, wonders and beauty of man's earthly life and nature. "By turns", remarks Legouis, "he imitates Cicero's periods and Seneca's nervous conciseness". It suggests that he could do anything for his desires. -Wasted Time He encouraged them to strictly comply with Christian obligations and instructed them in how to do so. Mathematics, Science & Technology. First time in English poetry, personal feelings have been expressed. Tempus fuigit England made progress swiftly during her times. -momentum mori, tempus fugit and carpe diem The pastoral novel is framed as a subgenre within the group of Renaissance literary genres, specifically within the Renaissance novel. He is not famous for his sonnets but for lyrics and songs he composed. Cicero ? One of the French authors wrote, man re-find himself at this age. .Memento mori. Define the term "humanism." Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It was the first book written by an Englishman which achieved European fame; but it was written in Latin (1516) and only later (1555) was translated into English. There was a spike in learning during the Renaissance, because of the . He founded Anglican Church and himself became the Head of the Church of England. Introduction: It is difficult to date or define the Renaissance. It is difficult to define the Renaissance, but its broad implications in England do not defy discussion. Even so, their plays are not free from the impact of the Renaissance; rather they show it as amply, though not in the same way. There is much of idealism, if not downright artificiality, in this kind of love poetry. Two of the most popular genres to come from this period was Transcendentalism, with authors such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry Thoreau, or Dark Romanticism, favored by Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville. In theater, the plays of Marlowe, Shakespeare and Jonson were performed. Writers started to be creative as the Creator of the universe. As what was mentioned in the. -momentum mori He was not an independent poetic figure. The man took imaginative plight and wrote wonderful pieces of literature. Momenum mori He was an unknown country boy who became known to the world for his mastery in playwriting. -youth vs. aging Medieval Period is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages. In their imagination they were all fired by the new literature which showed them new dimensions of human capability. One of the great historians called this age as the nest of singing birds. '. Michelangelo showed these themes through his art. He is not famous for his sonnets but for lyrics and songs he composed. Themes in Renaissance Literature. Spanish Literature of the Renaissance. It goes to the credit of Wyatt to have introduced the sonnet into English literature, and of Surrey to have first written blank verse. They started focusing on their present life. The Romantic era is the historical period of literature in which modern readers most begin to see themselves and their own conflicts and desires. Julius Caesar, Richard III, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VIII, Coriolanus, Antony and Cleopatra. . It does not mean that witches do exist in reality. 01 of 11 William Shakespeare The language he used is splendid and poetic. True or False: Renaissance literature was characterized by humanist themes and a return to classical ideals of tragedy and comedy. Great social, political and economical changes were in the air when Goldsmiths She Stoops. They used Italian form to compose their poetry. The influence of the Renaissance brought so many types of literary composition and there was found the introduction . There was found the immense widening of human imagination, witnessed in all the branches of literature. Books were in common mans access. -beauty What does RENAISSANCE LITERATURE mean? This subgenre owes its name to the theme developed in the eclogues, which were dialogues between shepherds who recounted their love affairs and misadventures. This made people believe that this life is a test of their goodness. A girl should usually be passive, nurturing and subordination, while those born . Like Senecan tragedy it has revenge as the tragic otive, has most of its important incidents (mostly murders) narrated on the -stage by messengers, has much of rhetoric and verbose declamation, has a ghost among its dramatis personae, and so forth.