Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a key element of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Its aims form one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal on education SDG 4.7 and it is considered a driver for the achievements of all 17 SDGs.. ESD empowers everyone to make informed decisions in favour of environmental integrity, economic viability and a just society for . It also leads to spreading poverty and the degradation of billion hectares of cropland. [118]:145, Scholars have criticized that the Sustainable Development Goals fail to recognize that planetary, people and prosperity concerns are all part of one earth system, and that the protection of planetary integrity should not be a means to an end, but an end in itself. The SDGs were an outcome from a UN conference that was not criticized by any major non-governmental organization (NGO). Information transparency related to social media and the engagement of youth are two issues related to the Sustainable Development Goals that the convention has addressed.[168][169]. ", Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, "SDG Indicators - Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", Global Warming of 1.5C.An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, "The Sustainable Development Goals and their trade-offs", "The Sustainable Development Goals as a Transformative Force? The number of out-of-school children has almost halved from 112 million in 1997 to 60 million in 2014. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In 2016, the UN ordered an analysis on the reception of the name "the 17 Sustainable Development Goals" with the communication bureau Trollback. [107], Culture is explicitly referenced in SDG 11 Target 4 ("Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world's cultural and natural heritage"). The widespread consensus is that progress on all of the SDGs will be stalled if women's empowerment and gender equality are not prioritized, and treated holistically. The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030. If any assistance is required in the comprehension of this report, please do not hesitate to contact us. These are; "sustainable. The Center for Sustainable Development supports three primary research and policy projects on happiness and well-being. The three "means of achieving" targets include strong national and regional development planning, implementing policies for inclusion, resource efficiency, and disaster risk reduction in supporting the least developed countries in sustainable and resilient building. [40] In 2020, representation by women in single or lower houses of national parliament reached 25 per cent, up slightly from 22 per cent in 2015. [10]:220, Experiences from the implementation of the SDGs in domestic, regional and international contexts reveal little evidence of steering effects towards advancing planetary integrity. [86] Desertification affects as much as one-sixth of the world's population, 70% of all drylands, and one-quarter of the total land area of the world. [196] As the country has progressed in its 12th five-year plan (20192023), the national goals have been aligned with the SDGs and every agency plays a vital role in its own ways to collectively achieving the committed goals of SDGs. [129][130] The publication has global coverage and tracks whether the world is making progress towards the SDGs. They are: Global Goals Week is an annual week-long event in September for action, awareness, and accountability for the Sustainable Development Goals. This is evident, for example, in their emphasis on longstanding but dubious claims about decoupling and resource efficiency as technological solutions to the environmental crisis. [74] By 2018, climate change continued exacerbating the frequency of natural disasters, such as massive wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, and floods. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform", Agenda 2030 The UK Government's approach to delivering the Global Goals for Sustainable Development - at home and around the world, "The UK's global contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals - Progress, gaps and recommendations", "Sustainable Development Solutions Network | Ahead of G20 Summit: 'My Country First' Approach Threatens Achievement of Global Goals", Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals, UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform The SDGs, Global SDG Indicators Database of the United Nations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goals&oldid=1134117921, "A shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future". Through the pledge to "Leave No One Behind", countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind, first. 3. In this paper a scientometric analysis was conducted to: (1) Present a new methodological approach to identify the research output related to both SDGs and MDGs (M&SDGs) from 2000 to 2017, with the aim . ", "Group of top CEOs says maximizing shareholder profits no longer can be the primary goal of corporations", "The "post 2015" = 17 Sustainable Development Goals or 17#GlobalGoals 2015-2020-2030 - MyAgenda21.tk", "How This Great Design Is Bringing World Change to the Masses", "Global Festival of Action Global Festival of Action", "Guest Article: Making the SDGs Famous and Popular - SDG Knowledge Hub - IISD", "PROJECT EVERYONE - Overview (free company information from Companies House)", "The Aarhus Convention safeguards transparency and supports disaster risk reduction and measurement of Sustainable Development Goals", "Youth, Aarhus and the Sustainable Development Goals", "United Nations Secretary-General Antnio Guterres has Appointed New Sustainable Development Goals Advocates", "UN Secretary-General Antnio Guterres announces Founder and CEO of Chobani, Mr. Hamdi Ulukaya as SDG Advocate", "The Arctic Film Festival - United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform", "The History of Sustainable Development in the United Nations", "Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development - A/42/427 Annex, Chapter 2 - UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements", "Major Agreements & Conventions .:. [47] Progress in expanding access to electricity has been made in several countries, notably India, Bangladesh, and Kenya. The global action and fulfillment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals remain hardly achievable without mental health (i.e., awareness, care and support). Tier 3 indicators had no internationally established methodology or standards. [106] At the same time, it is important to emphasize ESD's importance for all the other 16 SDGs. [85] The proportion of forest area fell, from 31.9 per centof total land area in 2000 to 31.2 per cent in 2020, representing a net loss of nearly 100million ha of the world's forests. Would you like email updates of new search results? The nine "outcome targets" include: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems; end deforestation and restore degraded forests; end desertification and restore degraded land; ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems, protect biodiversity and natural habitats; protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits; eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species; prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems; and integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning. [118]:161, Some argue that the SDGs' focus on sustainable economic development is inevitably detrimental to planetary integrity and justice, which require both limits to economic growth and the removal of developmental disparities between the rich and the poor. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. [144][145][146], Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion. The purpose of this letter, as stated in the subject is the submission of this Term Paper, on the topic Bangladesh: Researching the SDGs by 2030, as given in class as part of the requirement for the completion of the MBA 5101(Business Communication). An increase in domestic recycling and a reduced reliance on the global plastic waste trade are other actions that might help meet the goal. environment and resilience (Targets 11.4 Cultural & natural heritage, 11.7 Inclusive public spaces, 12.b Sustainable tourism management, 16.4 Recovery of stolen assets). Global Health. [10]:210 Lack of funding could prevent genuine steering effects of the Sustainable Development Goals and indicate that the discursive changes that stem from the SDG process will not lead to transformative structural change and policy reform. But even with new partnerships, the voluntary nature of the framework makes it easy for incumbent actors to implement the Sustainable Development Goals only in ways that benefit their interests. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were set by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 for the year 2030. [206], Lebanon adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60685-0 [10]:219, SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere". However, the emissions of the developing countries are up by 43% in the period between 2000 and 2013. TOPICS Borrowing and Debt Chinese Development Policy Climate Finance Domestic Resource Mobilization Finance Beyond Aid International Monetary Fund Multilateral Development Banks Poverty and Inequality The festival now focuses on the Sustainable Development Goals. The SDGs are monitored by the UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, an annual forum under the auspices of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017. [34] Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common causes of child and maternal mortality. (SDG targets 10.1 and 8.1). -. The Government of India established the NITI Aayog to attain sustainable development goals. Developing multi-stakeholder partnerships to share knowledge, expertise, technology, and financial support is seen as critical to overall success of the SDGs. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to transform our world. [99] Humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or natural disasters have continued to demand more financial resources and aid. From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals. [174], The annual "Le Temps Presse" festival in Paris utilizes cinema to sensitize the public, especially young people, to the Sustainable Development Goals. [102][103] Statements from diverse sources, such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UN Women and the World Pensions Forum, have noted that investments in women and girls have positive impacts on economies. 2007. Sachs, J., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C., Lafortune, G., Fuller, G. (2019): Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. In the process of bringing this report about, the members of team (respective names Stated below), have endeavored to their utmost to maintain the highest of qualities, in terms of writing, information collection and analysis of acquired data. Peccia, T., R. Kelej, A. Hamdy, A. Fahmi (2017), A reflection on Public-Private Here's how . [12]:2 The pandemic threatened progress made in particular for SDG 3 (health), SDG 4 (education), SDG 6 (water and sanitation for all), SDG 10 (reduce inequality) and SDG 17 (partnerships). 2012;379(9832):220611. While this impact has so far largely been discursive, the goals had some normative and institutional effects as well. [118]:147 A principal concern is that the SDGs remain fixated on the idea that economic growth is foundational to achieve all pillars of sustainable development. 193 governments including the United States ratified the SDGs. [citation needed], The Post-2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by the United Nations to define the future global development framework that would succeed the Millennium Development Goals. See this image and copyright information in PMC. The main grounds of discrimination mentioned by these women was not the disability itself, but religion, ethnicity and sex, pointing to the urgent need for measures to tackle multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination. Many studies have focused on green space and senior mental health, especially on their connection and . [31], A 2018 study in the journal Nature found that while "nearly all African countries demonstrated improvements for children under 5 years old for stunting, wasting, and underweight much, if not all of the continent will fail to meet the Sustainable Development Goal targetto end malnutrition by 2030". [1] [2] Our goals are: No poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water . [12]:14, To ensure that plastic products are more sustainable, thus reducing plastic waste, changes such as decreasing usage and increasing the circularity of the plastic economy are expected to be required. The global indicator framework was adjusted so that Tier 3 indicators were either abandoned, replaced or refined. In July 2020 the meeting took place online for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainable Development: An Analysis. The website "allows people around the world to hold their governments accountable to achieving the agreed goals". In an effort to promote sustainable development goals and diminish poverty, ERIA conducts various research on income distributions, sustainable development . Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Living below the poverty line is attributed to poorer health outcomes and can be even worse for persons living in developing countries where. Instead, environmental protection is left to a cluster of environment-focused SDGs down the list at Goal 13, 14 and 15. In 2019, United Nations Secretary-General Antnio Guterres appointed SDG advocates. Between 2000 and 2016, the worldwide under-five mortality rate decreased by 47 percent (from 78 deaths per 1,000 live births to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Te V, Floden N, Hussain S, Brolan CE, Hill PS. With regards to water stress: "In 2017, Central and Southern Asia and Northern Africa registered very high water stress defined as the ratio of fresh water withdrawn to total renewable freshwater resources of more than 70 per cent". Even so, many countries also require official development assistance to encourage growth and trade. Sachs JD. While including these explicit environmental goals might advance environmental protection, some also argue that Goals 13, 14 and 15 could compartmentalize environmental issues (climate, land and oceans). [142], There are four types of actors for implementation of the SDGs: national governments, sub-national authorities, corporations and civil society. [205], The World Pensions Forum has observed that the UK and European Union pension investors have been at the forefront of ESG-driven (Environmental, Social and Governance) asset allocation at home and abroad and early adopters of "SDG-centric" investment practices. The targets are either "outcome" targets (circumstances to be attained) or "means of implementation" targets. [4] On 6 July 2017, the SDGs were made more "actionable" by a UNGA resolution that identifies specific targets for each goal and provides indicators to measure progress. [17] The targets about "means of implementation" (those denoted with a letter, for example, Target 6.a) are imperfectly conceptualized and inconsistently formulated, and tracking their largely qualitative indicators will be difficult. [59] In 2019, 54 per cent of countries have a comprehensive set of policy measures to facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people. [105]:11, Education for sustainable development (ESD) is explicitly recognized in the SDGs as part of Target 4.7 of the SDG on education. The Open Working Group (OWG) was tasked with preparing a proposal on the SDGs for consideration during the 68th session of the General Assembly, September 2013 September 2014. Then we would like to gratefully and sincerely thank my awesome pedagogue Mr. Prof. Dr. Mahmodul Hasan for his guidance, coaching, patience hearing, and most importantly, his amiable personality. However, it has so far failed to act as an orchestrator to promote system-wide coherence due to a lack of political leadership owing to divergent national interests. [11] It relies on the Our World in Data database and is also based at the University of Oxford. [21], Many goals build on existing agreements and are integral parts of other political processes, such as international agreements on biodiversity, climate, oceans or standards and programs set by the International Labour Organization, the World Health Organization and so forth. The first nine targets are "outcome targets". Oceans and Seas. [52] Addressing youth employment means finding solutions with and for young people who are seeking a decent and productive job. [81], One indicator (14.1.1b) under Goal 14 specifically relates to reducing impacts from marine plastic pollution. How have the SDGs helped us in "leaving no one behind"? The contributions of many different people, in their different ways, have made this possible. As part of a larger reform, governments decided to terminate the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development and to establish in its place a High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. The reasons for this include its broad and unclear mandate combined with a lack of resources and a lack of political leadership owing to divergent national interests. Online ahead of print. [58] In 73 countries during the period 20122017, the bottom 40 per cent of the population saw its incomes grow. They provide a shared blueprint which calls for a global partnership that ranges from reducing global poverty and hunger, to tackling climate change and preserving the environment. In 2019, only half of the world's urban population had convenient access to public transport, defined as living within 500 metres' walking distance from a low-capacity transport system (such as a bus stop) and within 1km of a high-capacity transport system (such as a railway). [143]:80 Civil society participation and empowerment is routinely promoted as a silver bullet, while not acknowledging the plurality and diverse interests and agendas that exist in this group. The SDGs were developed to succeed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which ended in 2015. However, such new institutions often seem to reproduce existing structures and priorities. The trade-offs among the 17 SDGs are a difficult barrier to sustainability and might even prevent their realization. SDG 2 has eight targets and 14 indicators to measure progress. Its legacy is linked with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), established in 2000. [51], SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation". "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.". Each SDG has Keywords: In this perspective, the goals could be seen as a legitimizing meta-narrative that helps international organizations, governments and corporations to merely pretend to be taking decisive action to address the concerns of citizens while clinging to the status quo. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal [10]:206 Attempts to strengthen the role of the HLPF and to harmonize the voluntary reporting system have not found consensus among governments. Global Health. Among those with disabilities, 3 in 10 personally experienced discrimination, with higher levels still among women with disabilities. This is because all countries largely prioritize the socio-economic SDGs over environmental ones, following their earlier national development policies. The five "outcome targets" are: eradication of extreme poverty; reduction of all poverty by half; implementation of social protection systems; ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources; and the building of resilience to environmental, economic and social disasters. Click on goals to show targets and topics related to the Sustainable Development Goals as defined in, By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day, By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions, Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable, By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance, By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters, Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions, Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions, By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round, By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons, By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment, By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality, By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed, Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round, Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility, By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births, By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases, By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being, Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol, By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents, By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes, Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all, By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination, Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate, Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all, Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States, Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks, By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes, By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education, By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university, By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship, By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations, By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy, By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of cultures contribution to sustainable development, Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all, By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries, By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States, End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere, Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation, Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation, Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate, Ensure womens full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences, Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws, Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women, Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels, By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all, By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations, By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally, By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity, By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate, By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes, By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies, Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management, By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services, By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix, By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency, By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology, By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support, Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries, Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors, Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services, Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead, By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value, By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training, Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms, Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment, By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products, Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all, Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries, By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization, Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all, Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industrys share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries, Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets, By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities, Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending, Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States, Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities, Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020, By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average, By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status, Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard, Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality, Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations, Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions, Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies, Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements, Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes, By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent, By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums, By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons, By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries, Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the worlds cultural and natural heritage, By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations, By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management, By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities, Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, per-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning, By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels, Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials, Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries, By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources, By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses, By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment, By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse, Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle, Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities, By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature, Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production, Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products, Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities, Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries, Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning, Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning, Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible, Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities, By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution, By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans, Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels, By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics, By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information, By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation, By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism, Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries, Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets, Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want, By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements, By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally, By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world, By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development, Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species, Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed, Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products, By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species, By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts, Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems, Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation, Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities, Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere, End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children, Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all, By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime, Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms, Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels, Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels, Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance, By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration, Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements, Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime, Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development, Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection, Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries, Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources, Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress, Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries, Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism, Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed, Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda, Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries share of global exports by 2020, Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access, Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence, Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development, Respect each countrys policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development, Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries, Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships, By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts, By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries, Copyright United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture, Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all, Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls, Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all, Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation, Reduce inequality within and among countries, Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*, Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss, Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels, Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. 2015 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