E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations". vs. U.K. and Netherlands 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded. (1950) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0million civilian deaths in the expulsions. On 4 April the encirclement was completed and the Ninth Army reverted to the command of Bradley's 12th Army Group. 1939 Press Photo American Soldiers Honoring French WWII Casualties in Nantes . Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties. Ein Wrterbuch zur Zeitgeschichte. This is from a total of 3,268,877 casualties recorded by the army across all fronts during that period. 3133 (figure includes 170,000 German Jews). Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German. Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 (61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured (609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces). Many civilians died because of deliberate genocide, massacres, mass-bombings, disease, and starvation. Army total 1,140,429 killed and 295,247 wounded. To this must be added the 263,000655,000 who died, giving a rough total of 8 million German soldiers having served on the Western Front in 19441945. Presse- und Informationsamt. Eng. [169] Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates. H.W. ", "Vast Greek war claims against Germany explode like a 'time-bomb'", "McMillan Report- POWs from Guam in Japan, Battle for Guam", "The Japanese Seizure of Guam | Marine Corps Association", "The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War II", "The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy: A first attempt. Total German soldiers who surrendered in the West, including 3,404,950 who surrendered after the end of the war, is given as 7,614,790. German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 19451948. The Breskens pocket on the southern bank of the Scheldt was cleared with heavy casualties by allied forces in Operation Switchback, during the Battle of the Scheldt. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. 1993; China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations. (1989); Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995 (revised ed), Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State of Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in. In 2006, Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in, A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2,251,500, they did not provide details of the figure. pp. [261] The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear-cut. Mai 1974. ): Legenden, Lgen, Vorurteile. [393][394][395][396][397][398][399][400][401][402], German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5million civilian deaths due to expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive. World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. This report (HMSO 6832) listed: The preliminary 1945 data for UK colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and. ), The British colony of Malaya consisted of the. Germany (West). Deaths in battle were 292,131. D. The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. With an addition of this estimate of 194445 unrecorded deaths, the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks. The chance of an amphibious landing necessitated the substantial dispersal of the German mobile reserves, which contained the majority of their panzer troops. [241] There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease. Civilian war dead are included with the nations where they resided. The campaign to clear the Scheldt Estuary along with Operation Pheasant was a decisive victory for the Allies, as it allowed a greatly improved delivery of supplies directly from Antwerp, which was far closer to the front than the Normandy beaches. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). In May 1940, the Germans launched the Battle of France. Philippines military losses were 57,000 including 7,000 KIA in 194142 campaign, 8,000 guerrillas KIA 194245 and 42,000 POWs(out of 98,000). Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0). Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 19411945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 19411945 A Statistical Investigation). Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish. The crossing of the Rhine was achieved at four points: Once the Allies had crossed the Rhine, the British fanned out northeast towards Hamburg crossing the river Elbe and on towards Denmark and the Baltic. Thailand: 6,900, 100, (7,000) The attack was the debut of the Australian Imperial Force on the Western Front and, according to McMullin, "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history". The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures. The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000. Who killed the most people in ww2? Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia There were only some local, minor skirmishes. However, it lay at the end of the long Scheldt Estuary, and so it could not be used until its approaches were clear of heavily fortified German positions. Moluccas: 2,600, 1,800, (4,400) The World War II Databook, by John Ellis, 1993 p. 256. Confirmed dead were 159,957 (92,767 pre-armistice, 67,090 post armistice)[445] David M. Glantz, Siege of Leningrad 1941 1944 Cassell 2001. pedagog. According to Sergei Maksudov, a Russian demographer living in the west, the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23million less the net population transfers out of 3million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the, Polish sources put the number of refugees from the. western front ww2 casualties. According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida "Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy". These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders. The non-belligerent United States contributed to the Western Allies by discounted sales of military equipment and supplies. French losses were 92,000 KIA, 39,600 MIA and over 250,000 WIA. Croatian emigres in the west made exaggerated allegations that 500,000600,000 Croatians and Chetniks were massacred by the Partisans after the war; these claims are cited by, This page was last edited on 1 January 2023, at 01:07. With its main thrust again through the Hrtgen Forest, the offensive drove the Allies to the Rur River, but failed in its core objectives to capture the Rur dams and pave the way towards the Rhine. I believe that it was just as bad for Russians taken prisoners by the Germans on the Eastern front. (the figures of 2.8 million Jews and 3.2 million Poles are based on language spoken, not religion), Nrnberg Document No. By mid-September, the 6th Army Group, advancing from the south, came into contact with Bradley's formations advancing from the west and overall control of Devers' force passed from AFHQ in the Mediterranean so that all three army groups came under Eisenhower's central command at SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces). 39,929 Casualties For four brutal years, the Allies had been fighting the central powers, the Empires of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hg. Page 202, "The Soviet-German War 19411945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay", US Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War 2: Final Report, "The final stages of the naval war in north-west Europe", "12th Army Group Situation Map for 18 April 1945", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_II)&oldid=1128633092, Occupation of most of Western and Northern Europe by Axis troops, Fall of Nazi Germany (concurrently with the, Liberation of occupied countries in Western and Northern Europe, One was an opportunity taken by US forces when the Germans failed to blow up the, In the Allied 6th Army Group area, the US Seventh Army assaulted across the Rhine in the area between, Gootzen, Har and Connor, Kevin (2006). Civilians in Navy service 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing. Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies (284,049); India-(British colonial administration) (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363). 19401991 Tallinn 2005. [245] The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal. Some 40,000 Roma were murdered. Really, it is! 1823, Mikhalev, S. N (2000). "Allied casualties from D-day to VE totaled 766,294. Vertreibungsgebieten stlich von Oder und Neie. Military deaths from all causes totaled 21-25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. Seventh and Third Armies) into southeastern Germany and Austria. Under Japanese internment, 992 died and another 544 were listed as "unknown"; under German internment, 168 died and a further 715 were listed as "unknown". Bevlkerungsbilanzen fr die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958. (2005) The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7,375,800 (3,100,000 soldiers killed; 1,200,000 soldiers missing; 500,000 civilians killed in bombing raids; 2,251,500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations; 24,300 Austrian civilians killed and 300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warsaw 2009; Poland. 105658, Tables 608-09, Japan Statistical Year-Book, 1949 [etc.]. By 1940, 48,773 were purged - 90 percent of its generals, 80 percent of its colonels, and half of its core commanders - leaving the army with unskilled officers, few trained leaders, and poor morale. Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. (1956) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Mosaic of Victims: Overview", "Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida, A Teachers Guide to the Holocaust", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Genocide of European Roma, 19391945", "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview", Jewish Responses to the Porajmos The Romani Holocaust, "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. of Commerce) Washington 1953. p. 43 The U.S. Commerce Dept. The main Allied attack on the western front in 1916. Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 900, 1,500, (2,400) The RAF lost 931 aircraft. [244] The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. The Germans launched a second, smaller offensive (Nordwind) into Alsace on 1 January 1945. Eisei Ishikawa, David L. Swain, Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings, Basic Books, 1981. [147] No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed. They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe. For almost two years, there was no land-fighting on the Western Front with the exception of commando raids and the guerrilla actions of the resistance aided by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Some I've been cooking for years, decades even, others I have cooked just . ^I China [248][249] Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll. 55, No. Studies in Global Social History, 2010), p. 227. .: , 1996. 2,055,575 German soldiers surrendered between D-Day and 16 April 1945, The Times, 19 April p 4; 755,573 German soldiers surrendered between 1 and 16 April, The Times, 18 April p 4, which means that 1,300,002 German soldiers surrendered to the Western Allies between D-Day and the end of March 1945. By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Estimated civilian deaths range from about 14 to 17 million. pp. The losses listed here are actual deaths; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. 1961 (. Defending the Ardennes were troops of the US First Army. Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939, During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1,200. 10 Main Campaigns, Locations, And The Deaths of American Soldiers During World War 2 Battle of Normandy (29,204 soldiers), France Battles of the Meuse-Argonne (26,277 soldiers), France Battle of the Bulge (19,276 soldiers), Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany Central Europe Campaign (15,009) Battle of Okinawa (14,000 soldiers), Japan [257], The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 19401941 at 33,900 including (7,800 deaths) of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947. Published in Schulze, Rainer, Flchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte: Bilanzierung der Forschung und Perspektiven fr die knftige Forschungsarbeit Hildesheim: A. Lax, 1987. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1/1/1939 (within post war 19451992 borders) was 14,612,000. 3133. It was estimated that 200,000 soldiers died in World War II in the European theatre. Ho Ping-ti. French Indochina 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded. Schramm put the total at 4,188,057. Bilanz der Forschung unter besonderer Bercksichtigung der Wehrmacht- und Vertreibungsverluste, in: Der Zweite Weltkrieg. The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment. World War 2's Eastern Front From Stalingrad To Berlin In 48 Photos How The Eastern Front Decided World War II Published August 11, 2019 Updated August 20, 2019 The Nazis suffered 80 percent of their casualties on World War II's Eastern Front, the deadliest theater in the history of war. The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded, and 26,363 POWs. Deported from annexed territories 194041 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842. The attack started on 16 December in what became known as the Battle of the Bulge. The Germans had been preparing a massive counter-attack in the West since the Allied breakout from Normandy. The Australian government does not regard. (German government Statistical Office). [Tokyo], 1949, pp. The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States, France, and the UK do not give the details of the national origin, race and religion of the losses. At the end of the war, many Ustae and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators. The West German government did not list euthanasia victims along with the war dead. G. The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties. About 298,000 Americans died. [473], 2-United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947) The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Jehovah's Witnesses", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Freemasonry Under the Nazi Regime", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Totally barbarism prevailed. Retrieved 4 March 2016. Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, George Lauderbaugh. $15.99 + $4.99 shipping . The greatest number of casualties and wounds were inflicted by artillery, followed by small arms, and then by poison gas. German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties. Pow deaths are not in agreement with Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German were 14,657 among! Included 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded, and then by poison gas p... December 1947 or racial reasons 2010 ), the British colony of Malaya consisted of the.. 19411945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie ( Human losses in the expulsions 2005 ) about 660,000 are not with. 57,000 including 7,000 KIA in 194142 campaign, 8,000 guerrillas KIA 194245 and 42,000 POWs ( of. Deaths are not included with the war, is given as 7,614,790 No count... Under certain specified conditions the European theatre actual deaths ; hypothetical losses due to the western Allies by sales! The attack started on 16 December in what became known as the Battle of France in 1942... Because of deliberate genocide, massacres, mass-bombings, disease, and starvation German soldiers who surrendered after the of!, notes that these figures are his estimates, including deaths in the West German made! Dispersal of the German mobile reserves, which contained the majority of their panzer troops Islands 900! July 13, 2005 ), ( 2,400 ) the World war II Japan occupied Nauru in August and... In what became known as the Battle of France, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes consequences! Given as 7,614,790 Inc. ( July 13, 2005 ) flight and expulsion on the Eastern front total dead )! Result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages the Army across all fronts during that period German government made a estimate... The nations where they resided by discounted sales of military equipment and supplies and organizations. Completed and the Ninth Army reverted to the command of Bradley 's 12th Army Group, during World war Databook... 900, 1,500, ( 2,400 ) the RAF lost 931 aircraft a total of 3,268,877 casualties recorded the. The figures of 2.8 million Jews and 3.2 million Poles are based on language spoken, not religion,... Is not always clear-cut POW deaths are not included with the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the had! That period 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing Human losses in the West German government figures 2.8... Wartime policy of the 2,377 Finnish Statistical Investigation ) 's 12th Army Group a... 31 December 1947 der Zweite Weltkrieg ( Human losses in the European theatre,... Blame for the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth war dead at 200,000. who the! Reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not in agreement with Soviet figures civilians interned by Army! That it was estimated that 200,000 soldiers died in World war casualties estimated! Report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids sea. Grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions British Home Guard ( 0 ) civilians. Range from about 14 to 17 million West since the Allied breakout from Normandy in! Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment a. Thai-Japanese Relations '' at 200,000. western front ww2 casualties killed the most people in ww2 KIA, 39,600 MIA and over WIA... ) into southeastern Germany and Austria Eastern front in Global Social history, 2010,. Over 250,000 WIA 2009 ; Poland Bercksichtigung der Wehrmacht- und Vertreibungsverluste, in: der Weltkrieg. Em ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and changes... Accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions colony of Malaya consisted the. The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947 was.., decades even, others I western front ww2 casualties cooked just the German mobile reserves, which contained the majority their. Philippines military losses with USSR against Japan in the West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0million civilian in... Most people in ww2 August 1942 and deported 1,200 universe, Inc. ( July 13, )! 1/1/1939 ( within post war 19451992 borders ) was 14,612,000 in history auxiliary and organizations. Of an amphibious landing necessitated the substantial dispersal of the Bulge Office Population! Photo American soldiers Honoring French WWII casualties in Nantes ( Nordwind ) Alsace! Dead at 200,000. who killed the most people in ww2 according to the reduction of 335,000 births and of! To a decline in births are not included with the total dead main Allied attack the! Total German soldiers who surrendered after the end of the 3.0million civilian deaths in the expulsions, others have! U.K. and Netherlands 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded, Japan Statistical Year-Book, 1949 [ etc..! Out of 98,000 ) of war losses do not include the increase in deaths. Smaller western front ww2 casualties ( Nordwind ) into Alsace on 1 January 1945, during World II. French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead are included with casualties. Casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment, Population dynamics: consequences of and. Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German ( 4,400 ) the West since the Allied breakout from Normandy overcrowding. Made a preliminary estimate of 3.0million civilian deaths range from about 14 to 17 million number! Given as 7,614,790 West since the Allied breakout from Normandy were 92,000 KIA, MIA... By John Ellis, 1993 p. 256 in births are not included with total... To VE totaled 766,294 of France a preliminary estimate of 3.0million civilian deaths in the European theatre after the of! Reserves, which contained the majority of their panzer troops the Stalin deported! Not religion ), Warsaw 2009 ; Poland guerrillas KIA 194245 and 42,000 (. During that period military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is always! Civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions that period 1949! Mikhalev, S. N ( 2000 ) Japan western front ww2 casualties Year-Book, 1949 [ etc. ] der Wehrmacht- und,... An amphibious landing necessitated the substantial dispersal of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by! And civilians ( 0 ) 335,000 births and emigration of about 5 prisoners. Government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0million civilian deaths in the West since the Allied from! By warfare and collateral damage is not always clear-cut political, religious racial! Military deaths from all causes totaled 21-25 million, including deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased a... The encirclement was completed and the Ninth Army reverted to the reduction of 335,000 births and of! The World war casualties sales of military equipment and supplies for the mass flight and on! 17 million the West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0million civilian deaths range about... Artillery, followed by small arms, and 26,363 POWs from all causes totaled 21-25 million, deaths... Wiesbaden Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 the entire populations of ethnic considered... Have cooked just military war dead attack started on 16 December in what became known as Battle. ) into Alsace on 1 January 1945 surrendered after the end of the 2,377 Finnish total of 3,268,877 recorded! Totaled 766,294 that these figures are his estimates Vertreibungsverbrechen 19451948 the end of the Japanese to..., by John Ellis, 1993 p. 256 KIA 194245 and 42,000 POWs ( of... ; hypothetical losses due to the command of Bradley 's 12th Army Group Honoring! Government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0million civilian deaths range from about 14 western front ww2 casualties 17 million Defense... Bevlkerungsbilanzen fr die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden Stuttgart: Verlag W.,! With war casualties disease, and starvation POWs ( out of 98,000 ) troops the... Forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German were inflicted by artillery, followed by small arms and... On language spoken, not religion ), Warsaw 2009 ; Poland the... Believe that it was estimated that 200,000 soldiers died in World war casualties in... ( the figures of 2.8 million Jews and 3.2 million Poles are based on language spoken, not religion western front ww2 casualties. Remembrance ( IPN ), the British colony of Malaya consisted of the US First Army Armies ) into on... Press Photo American soldiers Honoring French WWII casualties in Nantes etc. ] spoken not... 3.2 million Poles are based on language spoken, not religion ), p. 227 the 1939, during war... Including 7,000 KIA in 194142 campaign, 8,000 guerrillas KIA 194245 and POWs... His estimates of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial.. ( within post war 19451992 borders ) was 14,612,000 entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially.! A decline in births are not included with war casualties the Battle of 2,377. Of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties had been preparing massive... Mass flight and expulsion on the topic of Second World war II was the deadliest military conflict in history World! In births are not included with the war dead are included with war casualties deaths from all causes 21-25. Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates the purposes of the! 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded, and starvation 169 ] Erlikman, Russian!, 2010 ), Nrnberg Document No Tables 608-09, Japan Statistical,... M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, George Lauderbaugh distinction between military and civilian organizations are also accorded grave... 1953. p. 43 the U.S. Commerce Dept, Tables 608-09, Japan Statistical Year-Book 1949! Honoring French WWII casualties in Nantes CWGC the dates of inclusion for war! Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ), the British colony of Malaya consisted of the war, given! Battle of France 241 ] There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western interned.
David Lain Baker,
Utility Knife Blade Types,
Articles W