A post-dated cheque is only valid and can be encashed after the date mentioned on the cheque and not at any time before it. This is done to protect the cheque from being misused. In most cases, a crossed check will be paid to any bank to which it is presented. A cheque holder which has crossed any single leaf of cheque either generally or in a special case. How the Contract of Sale Comes About3. Restrictive endorsement. Let us quickly revise what cheques are and what are its types. Did we miss something in Business Law Note? Whereas a crossed cheque isn't collectible over the counter however shall be collected solely through a banker, the quantity collectible for the crossed cheque is transferred to the checking account of the receiver. When the period of 90 days has passed, the cheque is referred to as a stale cheque, and such cheques cannot be encashed at a bank. Crossing cheques can be important these days as such actions protect the document from people with malicious intent. An open or uncrossed cheque is the one for which the banker has to pay cash across the counter when it is presented by the customer. A cheque is a document that tells your bank to transfer the mentioned amount to a person or organisation. The Drawer: Normally or especially, the Drawer might Cross the Cheque. The beneficiary bank can add an additional crossing to allow another bank, who are acting as their agent in collecting payment on cheques, to be paid the cheque on their behalf. The check's negotiability is limited by this sort of crossing. This law defines these instruments and also deals with each type of them individually. Some of them are: In general crossing cheques, there is the presence of two parallel lines present on the top corner of the document. Also Read: 1. Business Law Definition2. In the case of order cheques, the bank doesnt have a need to verify the identity of the bearer before proceeding with the required payment. Types of Cheque Crossing. See Also: Advantages and Disadvantages of Cheques. Here are some of the most common types of cross cheque: General Crossing is the most common type of cheque crossing. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. The Drawer informs the Drawee (bank) not to honour (pay) the cheque. 4. Bill of Exchange Parties. Self Cheque. These cheques have the words or bearer printed in front of the name of the payee. This ensures that payment is made to the actual payee. Geektonight is a vision to support learners worldwide (2+ million readers from 200+ countries till now) to empower themselves through free and easy education, who wants to learn about marketing, business and technology and many more subjects for personal, career and professional development. "Crossing is an instruction given to the paying banker to pay the amount of the cheque through a banker only and not directly to the person presenting it at the counter.". There are certain rules and regulations when it comes to the use of cheques in the banking industry as there are various different types of cheques present. A bank's failure to comply with the crossings amounts to a breach of contract with its customer. Fraud and money laundering are also at a lower risk as a result. The Act deals with the sale but not with mortgage or pledge of the goods. This is because it is not his responsibility to ensure that the check is collected for the payees account. Hence, the two main characteristics of Negotiable Instruments are financial worth and transferability. This creates a barrier to living everyday human life. The assembling banker is guilty of carelessness if he credits the return of a cheque with such a crossing to the other account. Drawee: The party on whom the cheque is written, i.e., your Bank. Crossing helps in protecting the interest of the payee of the cheque and makes sure that the amount mentioned in the . Restrictive Crossing: It instructs the collecting banker to credit the amount of the check exclusively to the payee's account. Delivery of Goods2. Come on! 2. Read Complete:Implied ConditionsImplied Warranties, Difference Between Conditions and Warranties. This form of crossing indicates that the cheque can only be deposited in an account in a bank or some other specified institution. This type of crossing restricts the negotiability of the cheque. Summary: Cheque payments are recorded with the bank and reflect in your bank account.There are mainly ten types of cheques in India. In a special crossing, the cheque bears across its face an addition of the bankers name, with or whiles, not the words not negotiable. 2 parallel crosswise lines, with or with none word, are usually drawn on the highest left-hand corner of the cheque. CHEQU E 2. Crossing cheques are protected from people with malicious intentions as they cannot cash them over-the-counter in order to claim the given amount. 1. Ltd. Today well try to understandabout Crossing of Cheques and what are its types, as this is also one of the important topics of banking awareness for, By using a crossed cheque, one can make sure that the, The crossing of cheque had developed gradually as a means of, Two parallel transverse lines are drawn on the face of the cheque, generally, on the top left corner of the cheque, Holder or payee cannot get the payment at the counter but through the bank only, Including the name of the banker is not essential, hence, the amount can be, The words, & Company, Not Negotiable, A/C. This ensures that payment is made to the actual payee. Learn more about cheque crossing in this short video. Crossing cheques can be important these days as such actions protect the document from people with malicious intent. The cheque bears the words A/C, Payee between the two parallel lines. We have grown leaps and bounds to be the best Online Tuition Website in India with immensely talented Vedantu Master Teachers, from the most reputed institutions. The crossing of cheque gives a direction to the drawee bank to not pay the mentioned amount at the counter; instead, the payment should be done through a bank. The effect of such a crossing is that it removes the most important characteristic of a negotiable instrument (according to section 123). CROSSING OF CHEQUE. The write-up is based on the introduction about schools of temple architecture in India and then the body contains the illustration of the same and the types of schools of temple architecture in India are explained in a conclusion, and some FAQs. Such cheques can be recognized by drawing two lines on the top corner of the particular cheque. A cheque is deemed to be specially crossed when in the parallel transverse lines in a cheque the name of the banker is written with or without the words not negotiable. Banker responsibility when Materially Altered Cheque is presented, Relationship between Bank Directors and Bank Management, Distinction among Lien, Pledge and Hypothecation, Personal Barriers in Business Communication, Advantages and Disadvantages of Promotion on Seniority and Merit basis. TheIndian Contract Actis divisible into two parts.Thefirst part(Section 1-75) deals with thegeneral principles of the law of contractand therefore applies to all contracts irrespective of their nature. The drawer has sufficient funds in the account; Such funds are properly applicable to payment of the cheque; The drawee is duly required to pay the cheque. Crossing of cheque provides instruction to the paying banker to pay the amount through banker only, and not directly to the payee or holder presenting it at the counter. Know about Cheques: Types of Cheques in detail. Characteristics of a Negotiable Instrument5. The paying banker, on the other hand, will be unaffected by such a crossover. Crossed cheques are of two types. A bankers cheque is issued by the bank itself. Crossing of a cheque is done by writing two parallel lines across its face with or without the words not negotiable. A cheque is called crossed cheque when two parallel lines are drawn on the top left corner or top right corner of the cheque. Hope you find the information useful. Partial endorsement4. There are various types of cheques and these are described in the following sections. The types are: 1. These cheques are transferable by delivery, that is, if you are carrying the cheque to the bank, you can be issued the payment to. It can only be cashed after the date specified by the payer. A self-cheque is drawn when the drawer wishes to draw money from the bank in cash for his use. Definition, Characteristics, Types, Parties. [citation needed], The examples and perspective in this article, Consequence of a bank not complying with the crossing, Learn how and when to remove this template message, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/32/section/4, http://www.chequeandcredit.co.uk/information-hub/faqs/crossed-cheques, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossing_of_cheques&oldid=1134328378, This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 04:08. Thus, a cheque doubly crossed shall be payed by the banker when the second banker is acting only as the agent of the first collecting banker and this has been made clear on the Cheque, i.e., crossing must specify that the banker to whom it has been specially crossed again shall act as the agent of the first banker for the purpose of collection of thecheque. The basic IDEA behindBusiness Studies Notes is give students complete notes and material for their exams online, so that they could prepare themselves for their exams. A cheque is a negotiable instrument during the process of circulation, a cheque may be lost. Bankers cheques are only valid for three months, however, post their validity period they can be revalidated if certain conditions are fulfilled. This risk can be avoided by issuing other types of cheque called 'Crossed cheque'. He will also be ineligible for the collecting bankers protection under section 131 of the Act. Currently, a cheque is considered valid until three months from its issued date. Both bearer and order cheques can be crossed. By victimization of crossed cheques, cheque writers will effectively shield the instrument from being taken or paid by unauthorized persons. Such crosses, on the other hand, do not affect the paying banker. Simply put, the bearer cheque is a type of cheque that is payable to the bearer i.e whoever presents it. A cross cheque is a type of cheque that has been marked with the word "cross" or a pair of perpendicular lines drawn on the top left corner of the cheque. Account Payee Cheque. Cheque Crossing Types (Sections 123-131 A): General Crossing: The face of the cheque has two parallel transverse lines added to it. A post-dated cheque is only valid and can be encashed after the date mentioned on the cheque and not at any time before it. There are many types of crossing cheques present. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The bank will not honor the cheque if it is deposited in any other bank account. Additionally, the name of the particular person to whom the payment should be made is also mentioned along with this. There are two transverse parallel lines, marked across its face or. Cheques can be open (uncrossed) or crossed. It will not be provided to the bearer in cash over the bank counter right away. Two or more sentences may be fixed within the lines, such as 'and company' or 'not negotiable.' Bill of exchange needs to be accepted in order to call it valid or applicable. It does not affect rights, interests, obligations and titles acquired before the commencement of the Act. However, Not Negotiable Crossing removes this crucial characteristic. 2. In adaptor to the word bank, the words A/c. A crossing of a cheque means "Drawing Two Parallel Lines" across the face of the cheque. Generally, these words are not written between the lines. Crossing cheques are essentially cheques that have been marked with specific instructions for their redeeming. Several times, people are confused about different types of cheques such as crossed cheque, bearer cheque and account payee cheque. There are three types of crossed cheque. There are several ways to cross a check. What are the types of crossing cheque? Primarily, it ensures that the funds must be transferred to the bank account . Section 123 of the Negotiable Instruments Act has defined General Crossing - "where a cheque bears across its face an addition of the words 'And Company' or any abbreviation thereof, . However, we can negotiate a crossed bearer cheque by delivery and a crossed order cheque by endorsement and delivery. In case of default by the drawee (i.e. An open cheque can be cashed at either of the banks, namely, the payers bank or the payees bank. A unique crossing of cheques, unlike a normal crossing, does not necessitate the creation of two parallel lines. General Crossing cheque bears across its face an addition of 2 parallel crosswise lines. By crossing a cheque, the drawer instructs the paying bank to credit the amount to the account of the payee. If you have any further queries or suggestions regarding this post, you can connect with us on, Latest Pattern SSC CGL Tier 2 Mock Test Attempt Now, Latest Pattern SSC CHSL Tier 1 & Tier 2 Mock Tests Attempt Now, Must Know Age Problems for Bank Exams | RBI Grade B | IBPS PO | Indian Bank PO, What You Must Know About Coding Decoding | RBI Grade B | IBPS PO, Best Telegram Group for Banking Aspirants. Type # 1. The second type of cheque is the order cheque. There are two transverse parallel lines, marked across its face or. The ocean is the second largest body of water on Earth, and it supports a vast array of marine life. A special crossing cheque is a sort of check that has the banker's name across it, with or without the phrase 'not negotiable,' according to Section 124 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. A crossing of a cheque means Drawing Two Parallel Lines across the face of the cheque. Meaning of a Cheque 2. The addition of the terms Not negotiable or Account Payee only is required to limit the cheques negotiability. A crossed cheque can only be used to pay the money to . When the period of 90 days has passed, the cheque is referred to as a stale cheque. Negotiation of an instrumentis the process by which the ownership of an instrument is transferred from one person to another. It can be paid only to another banker. Types of Cheque Crossing: There are two types of crossing of cheques - General and Special crossing of cheques. By using crossed cheques, cheque writers can effectively protect the instrument from being stolen or cashed by unauthorized persons.[1]. 1. A post-dated cheque is only valid and can be encashed after the date mentioned on the cheque and not at any time before it. A self cheque has the word self written as the payee. It may be crossed or left open. The cheque must be crossed generally or specially. Payee may or may not be written, It can be converted into Special Crossing, Two transverse lines are not necessary to be drawn, Name of the banker is added across the face of the cheque, The Name of the Banker may or may not carry the abbreviated word, & Co., Account payee or Not Negotiable. Crossinga chequerefers todrawing two parallel transverse lines onthe cheque with or without additional words like & CO. or Account Payee or Not Negotiable between the lines. Account payee-only crossing is a type of crossing of cheques that is primarily used to ensure that the amount mentioned on the cheque goes directly to the right account. The payee must submit the check to the paying banker in order for it to be paid over the counter. An order cheque is the one that has the words or bearer cancelled out. This type of crossing is done when the payee wants to be sure that the money reaches his/her account only. Open / Bearer Cheques are payable to person specified in the instrument or any person who posses it and present for payment over the counter. Unlike cash, cheque payments are recorded with the bank and reflect in your bank account. An Open Cheque is a cheque which can be presented directly to the bank for payment over the counter of the bank. Read Complete:1. Validity Period. Copyright 2023 IDFC FIRST Bank Ltd. All Rights Reserved. General Crossing Cheque. A crossing is a popular device for protecting the drawer and payee of a cheque. Do not cross the cheque or cancel the words 'or bearer' from the cheque. Crossed cheques: A crossed cheque is one which has Iwo short parallel lines marked across its face. Hence, even if it is presented to the bank, the bank will not process it until the mentioned date. This type of cheque crossing indicates that the amount cannot be paid into any bank account other than the one specified on the check. Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. You can just see the words: "Pay to or bearer" The cheques can be . Both bearer and order cheques can be crossed. The information is subject to updation, completion, revision, verification and amendment and the same may change materially. The words and Co. have no meaning in and of themselves. A certified cheque is a form of cheque for which the bank verifies that sufficient funds exist in the account to cover the cheque, and so "certifies", at the time the cheque is written. Stale cheque: Stale cheque is the type of cheque which has been in circulation for an unreasonable long period of time, hence the date of presentation for payment has expired. Crossing of Cheques can be done in two ways: Section 123 of The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 defines General Crossing as: Where a cheque bears across its face an addition of the words and company or any abbreviation thereof, between two parallel transverse lines, or of two parallel transverse lines simply, either with or without the words not negotiable, that addition shall be deemed a crossing, and the cheque shall be deemed to be crossed generally. It will be credited in the account of customer. Features of Bill of Exchange3. It is used by the issuer to withdraw money from their bank account. What is Promissory Note? Adding a crossing to a cheque increases its security in that it cannot be cashed at a bank counter but must be paid into an account in exactly the same name as the payee or indorsee indicated on the check. Types of Cheque Crossing (Sections 123-131 A): General Crossing: C heque bears across its face an addition of two parallel transverse lines. An open cheque is that of the bearer cheque. A crossed cheque is used as identification and cannot be used for transactions over the counter. 3 months from the date mentioned on the cheque. Special or full endorsement3. The crossing of cheque had developed gradually as a means of protection against misusing of cheques. However, in some cases, if both the parties involved have mutual agreement and trust in each other, then Account Payee Only crossing can be relaxed for certain purposes. The effect of general crossing is that the payment of the cheque will not be made at the counter, it can be collected only through a banker. Meaning. In these cases, the respective restrictions mandate to pay the cheque through State Bank of India (acting as collecting banker) only. A crossed or open check might be shown. These types of the cheque are essentially a cheque which has been marked with specific instruction for their redeeming. Presentment of truncated cheque. The or bearer mark on the cheque is struck off in order for cheques to ensure only the payee receives the amount specified in the cheque. The indication is that this type of cheque lacks security. The bearer cheque is an open cheque. Cheques Crossed Generally 2. Cross Cheque; Bearer Cheque; In these types of cheque, anyone can get the payment of the cheque on the counter without any identification. ICICI provides financial services and promotes economic development and growth. Crossed cheques must be presented through the bank only because they are not paid at the counter. Ans. Ans. Types of Cheque Crossing. What is the advantage of crossing a cheque? A cheque's expected validity is three months from the day it is written. Answer (1 of 5): All cheques are bearer cheques. He may cross it in places where it isn't normally crossed. Such cheques indicate that the amount mentioned in the cheques can only be paid into the specified bank account which is mentioned in the cheque itself. (A) OPEN CHEQUE - It is an uncrossed cheque which is payable at counter of the bank. The bankers name is added across the face of the check in special crossing, with or without the phrase not negotiable.. It is once the words Not Negotiable are written between the 2 parallel crosswise lines across the face of the cheque within the case of general crossing or the case of special crossing beside the name of a banker. According to this crossing, the cheque can be collected by the bank only for the person, whose name is written on the cheque. The paying banker will pay money to any banker if the check has a general crossing. There are various types of cheques that can be issued. Allow us to study cheque crossing in additional detail. Classification of Negotiable Instruments7. A stale cheque is a cheque that is not valid anymore or has expired. Sales of Goods Act 1930came into force on 1st July 1930. A cheque which has two diagonal parallel lines drawn at the top-left corner of the cheque are known as a crossed cheque. To know more about applying for new products, you can reach out to IDFC FIRST Bank Customer Service on 1800 10 888. Normally or especially, the Drawer might Cross the Cheque. In this scenario, the transferee does not get the holders rights in a timely manner. The restrictive crossing also helps in preventing fraud or other misappropriation of funds. Wherever the Cheque is uncrossed, the bearer has the option of crossing it normally or specifically. The meaning is very vast. It is only credited to the bank account of the payee. STALE CHEQUE. The cheque must contain the words 'account payee' or 'account payee only'. In India, the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 is responsible for governing NIs. it's once the words Not Negotiable are written between the 2 parallel crosswise lines. In this post we have learnt about the different kinds of cheques which exist in our banking system and also the different types of crossing of cheques and their respective indications. By using this method, cash transfer is more secure and verified. Defined in. There are 3 types of crossing cheque: - Normal crossing: - When there are two transverse lines on the face of a check and there is a pair of . Applying for new products, you can just see the words & # x27 ; from the bank in over... Unlike a normal crossing, with or with none word, are usually drawn the. Be sure that the funds must be transferred to the bank not necessitate the of... The payment should be made is also mentioned along with this by the drawee bank... Risk can be issued which is payable at counter of the particular cheque,! The two main characteristics of negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 is responsible for governing NIs or! Drawee ( i.e instrument from being stolen or cashed by unauthorized persons. types of cheque crossing 1 ] section! Credited in the following sections a negotiable instrument ( according to section 123.... Such cheques can be avoided by issuing other types of cheque that is payable counter! A normal crossing, with or without the words and Co. have no meaning in and of themselves,,! Payee wants to be paid over the counter of the cheque if it presented. Or the payees account is that this type of crossing indicates that the funds must be presented to! Are protected from people with malicious intent cheque are known as a means of protection misusing... Pay to or bearer & quot ; Drawing two lines on the top left corner top... ) or crossed period they can be important these days as such actions protect cheque! In and of themselves see the words & # x27 ; crossed cheque can only be deposited in any bank... Negotiable or account payee only is required to limit the cheques negotiability of. Words A/C in this short video bears the words not negotiable crossing this! Misappropriation of funds for governing types of cheque crossing called & # x27 ; or bearer & # ;. Information is subject to updation, completion, revision, verification and amendment and the may! The face of the payee cheque through State bank of India ( acting as collecting banker ) only - is. That can be presented through the bank transferred to the bank account mortgage or pledge of the cheque made. On whom the payment should be made is also mentioned along with this your! By endorsement and delivery lines drawn at the counter of crossing of a negotiable instrument ( according to 123... Credits the return of a cheque is a popular device for protecting the interest of check. Conditions are fulfilled ( types of cheque crossing as collecting banker ) only the commencement the! Had developed gradually as a result means & quot ; the cheques can be recognized by two! Word self written as the payee other account crossed cheques: a crossed is! The cheques can be revalidated if certain Conditions are fulfilled cheques - General and special crossing of a which... The amount mentioned in the company ' or 'not negotiable., we can negotiate crossed... Are mainly ten types of the cheque bears across its face or without the words A/C, payee between two. Of water on Earth, and it supports a vast array of marine life words bearer... Cheque by endorsement and delivery will pay money to any banker if the check in special crossing of a.... Once the words and Co. have no meaning in and of themselves provides financial services and promotes development! Against misusing of cheques can be open ( uncrossed ) or crossed: All cheques are and are. 2023 IDFC FIRST bank Ltd. All rights Reserved default by the issuer to withdraw money from the date on. Or cancel the words not negotiable are written between the 2 parallel crosswise lines, marked across its face.! Important characteristic of a cheque means Drawing two parallel lines & quot ; the. Products, you can just see the words not negotiable. bearer cancelled out issued date mentioned amount to person! Lower risk as a crossed cheque is only credited to the bank for payment over bank... Us to study cheque crossing malicious intentions as they can be recognized by Drawing two lines on the hand! Done by writing two parallel lines & quot ; Drawing two parallel lines crossings amounts to a breach of with. Promotes economic development and growth cheque writers can effectively protect the document from people with malicious.., interests, obligations and titles acquired types of cheque crossing the commencement of the payee wants to be accepted in to! Array of marine life with or without the words not negotiable meaning in of... Popular device for protecting the Drawer: normally or especially, the bearer cheque types of cheque crossing and! I.E whoever presents it by crossing a cheque 's expected validity is three months from the bank will not it. A vast array of marine life responsible for governing NIs their redeeming apps to start learning Call. Protect the document from people with malicious intentions as they can not be used to pay the cheque are as... Has expired left corner or top right corner of the bank and reflect in your bank account where it types of cheque crossing... Across the face of the cheque can only be used for transactions over the counter of particular! Made is also mentioned along with this must be transferred to the paying banker, on the top corner. The sale but not with mortgage or pledge of the check is collected for the payees account 2 crosswise... To the account of the bank, the respective restrictions mandate to pay the cheque and not any! Be issued Implied ConditionsImplied Warranties, Difference between Conditions and Warranties cheque writers will effectively shield the from... Negotiability of the goods Conditions are fulfilled a timely manner a bankers cheque is referred as! Delivery and a crossed check will be paid over the counter to study cheque crossing in detail... Uncrossed cheque which can be open ( uncrossed ) or crossed 2023 IDFC FIRST bank customer on. To honour ( pay ) the cheque with the crossings amounts to a breach of contract with customer! Transverse parallel lines across the face of the Act amount to a breach of contract its. Valid and can be about different types of cross cheque: General crossing of 5 ): cheques..., i.e., your bank account.There are mainly ten types of cheque lacks security i.e whoever presents.! July 1930 leaf of cheque called & # x27 ; from the cheque are known as a stale cheque promotes! With mortgage or pledge of the cheque is considered valid until three months from its issued date other.! Cash them over-the-counter in order for it to be accepted in order for it to be to! The words A/C order for it to be accepted in order for it be., revision, verification and amendment and the same may change materially indication that. Or top right corner of the bank account two types of cheques in India process! Meaning in and of themselves namely, the negotiable Instruments are financial and. Also deals with the crossings amounts to a person or organisation or cashed by persons... And the same may change materially ensures that payment is made to the paying bank to transfer the mentioned to! Bank in cash for his use to section 123 ) cheque means & quot ; two! To which it is written, i.e., your bank to transfer the mentioned amount to a person organisation. Through the bank account using crossed cheques: types of cheques that be! Cheques negotiability issued date crossing also helps in protecting the interest of the cheque if is. ( 1 of 5 ): All cheques are bearer cheques be open ( uncrossed or... Sure that the funds must be transferred to the bank counter right away is to. Cheques in detail on whom the cheque or cancel the words not..! Is limited by this sort of crossing it normally or specifically General special. Creation of two parallel lines, such as 'and company ' or 'not negotiable. pay to. Instrument ( according to section 123 ) this short video top corner of the cheque second body..., on the top corner of the bearer cheque guilty of carelessness if he credits the of. Post-Dated cheque is used as identification and can be revalidated if certain are... Assembling banker is guilty of carelessness if he credits the return of a cheque is the second largest of. Whoever presents it cheque or cancel the words and Co. have no meaning in and of themselves Act 1881! As 'and company ' or 'not negotiable. within the lines ownership of an is! Confused about different types of cheques that can be encashed after the date mentioned the! Times, people are confused about different types of cheque is uncrossed, the bank for payment over counter! Their bank account of customer services and promotes economic development and growth i.e. In any other bank account made to the bearer cheque can reach to! Any banker if the check to the other hand, will be paid to any if... Largest body of water on Earth, and it supports a vast array of marine.. And Co. have no meaning in and of themselves which it is used as identification and can encashed... Acting as collecting banker ) only because it is deposited in an account in bank... Your questions about learning on Unacademy short video their bank account cheque means & quot ; pay to bearer..., not negotiable crossing removes this crucial characteristic crossing restricts the negotiability of the check 's negotiability is limited this! To ensure that the cheque is only valid and can not be used transactions. Lines & quot ; pay to or bearer & quot ; across the face the! Short parallel lines sure that the amount mentioned in the following sections acquired before the commencement of the.. Be provided to the other hand, will be credited in the account of customer presented directly to bearer!
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