Every plant can make between 200 and 300 seed capsules, each having between 500 and 800 seeds, which equals a whopping 100,000240,000 seeds per plant. Strain through cheesecloth to filter out all of the tiny hair. Copyright 2023 The Botanical Institute |, 3. The seeds will germinate when it's time for them to grow in the spring. Mullein leaves were also used to line shoes to help keep feet warm. The leaves are soft and wide, which led to the common name cowboy toilet paper given to it in the western U.S. The mullein is a fascinating plant that can if you have the right type, grow back year after year. Mullein is an easy plant to grow with beautiful flowers that can occur in all varieties of colors. Dont cut it down if you enjoy looking at it! Bluish gray-green and felt-like, ranging from 4 to 12 inches in length and 1 to 5 inches in width. Mullein, Phoenician Plants for Sale Verbascum chaxii. Various clinical trials conducted on mullein oil show that this herb may work as an herbal remedy for earaches and ear infections. It also grows abundantly throughout the bulk of the United States. The most common medicinal use of mullein is to dry the leaves and brew a tea to treat coughs, colds, and sore throat. Watering the Plant. Here are a few types of mullein to consider: Propagate mullein from seeds and cuttings. The Botanical Institute is supported by our readers. Human clinical trials are needed to determine these claims. In one study it was found they may lie dormant for up to 100 years. It has also been used to treat diarrhea and constipation. There are three types of mullein plants which all need a different amount of time to regrow: Perennials mullein plants are plants that can live longer than two years. When considering growing mullein, remember that it needs space to grow. After seeding, the plant dies. In the first year, plants grow low to the ground, bearing rosettes of hairy leaves. Mullein tea can be made in either a commercial mullein tea bag or a dried and loose leaf variety. About. And it has surprising medicinal properties. Related:The 10 Medicinal Seeds You Should Plant for a Complete Backyard Pharmacy(Video). Research shows that this herb contains a variety of anti-inflammatory compounds, including: Its thought that these anti-inflammatory compounds can work to reduce inflammation in the lungs. Another common folk use for mullein is to infuse an oil with the flowers and place a few drops in the ear to relieve earache. Interesting Fact: Mullein comes from the Latin word mollis which means soft. The saponins are harmful to the fishs gills. Mullein Care Must-Knows. Smoking oregano gives you a new mint-like fragrance and herbal taste. Consult with your health care professional before considering any natural supplement or plant remedy for your health and wellness. Always talk to your doctor if you plan to use any natural medicinal plants if you currently use prescription medications. Trying to find something for my oldest son. Mullein contains potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds believed to calm and relieve inflammation in the respiratory tract. Compare the sensation to shooting dish-soap up your nosenot pleasant, and it would have after-effects. The species name for this herb is thapsus which is thought to refer to the Greek island of Thapsus, where the species was said to have thrived. This makes it easier to cough up and clear mucus from the lungs. Mullein is used for cough, whooping cough, tuberculosis, bronchitis, hoarseness, pneumonia, earaches, colds, chills, flu, swine flu, fever, allergies, tonsillitis, and sore throat. Like dandelions and plantain, the health benefits of mullein are easily accessible since it grows abundantly in the wild. The purpose of the Georgia EPPC Invasive Plant List is to identify and categorize plants that pose threats to natural areas in Georgia. We sell a Mullein Infused Oil in our store that is useful for topical application. *Caution-you should strain the tea through a coffee filter or other fine filter because the fine hairs on the leaves have been reported to be an irritant to some individuals. This dye can be altered to make brown and green dyes as well. Flowers attract flies, butterflies, short- and long-tongued bees, and other insects. To grow a mullein plant, plant seeds in the spring in rich potting soil. The fine hairs of mullein leaves can irritate the airway. It reminds me of a psychotic corn stalk. Interesting Fact: Perennial translates to: through the years. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. We have these everywhere, and some simply grow straight up, and others make two turns on the way up. Dont forget to keep it in mind if you are looking for some natural remedies or want an ornamental and pretty addition to your garden! The answer to this question is yes, indeed it does. It is a very effective ingredient against bronchitis, laryngitis and tracheitis, often considered like "THE" herbal remedy for the respiratory system. Proudly powered by WordPress | Theme: Max News by Themeansar. Keep the soil moist when growing mullein from seed. Mahr, Susan. Look for mullein in natural areas such as dry pastures, meadows, and open forest areas. The leaves and flowers are the most valued plant parts due to their antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, astringent, and antispasmodic properties. Keep up to date with all thats happening in and around the garden. It does not tolerate wet or poorly drained growing conditions. Your email address will not be published. 2- to 6-inch-long tongue-shaped leaves. Sign up for our newsletter. The scientific name for this herb is Verbascum thapsus, but it's commonly called mullein or great mullein. Alternate, sometimes overlapping along the flowering stalks. Trying to understand & want to do the right thing but also dont want to lose out on a resource if it still has value now. This, of course, is contraindicated if the tea is to aid respiratory or pulmonary systems. 2021 Walter Reeves / The Simple Gardener, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) grows in pastures and meadows that have been neglected, on the side of the road and the edges of woods, along fence rows, in vacant lots and industrial areas. Mullein and lambs ears grow best in well drained soil and full sun or partial shade, although mullein prefers full sun. An Excellent Companion To This Tea: Throw a couple of thyme leaves in with the mullein while it is steeping. Common mullein contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oils. Mullein leaf and flowers have expectorant and soothing properties. They require significant time to dry. herbal treatment for coughs, congestion, chest colds, bronchitis, and inflammation. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe, mullein was a popular treatment for tuberculosis, in the late 1800s. Mullein likes to be in full sun, so make sure you're planting accordingly. Common mullein (V. thapsus) does however, have a rich history as an herbal remedy, and has some scientific justification as a medicinal herb. He has a passion for herbal medicine and how it can be used to support everyday health & wellness. Mullein has been around for thousands of years. We gathered a bunch of interesting facts about this amazing plant you probably did not know so keep reading! Their seeds may persist for many years in the soil. The leaves are large and hairy. Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is a perennial herb that is native to Europe and Asia. Mullein is a plant that can grow in many different climates, as long as theres enough moisture to support its growth! As noted in this article, mullein benefits the body in a variety of ways, especially respiratory health. Next, place 1 teaspoon of dried mullein leaves in a cup and cover with the boiling water. Mullein (Verbascum thapsus), also known as great mullein or common mullein is a native biennial plant of Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. The plant grows well in full sun. The plant is biennial so in the first year, it grows as a rosette close to the ground. Moreover, it grows at elevations from sea level to up to 10,000 feet. This plant contains flavonoids, including: It also contains mucilage, saponins, tannins, and volatile oils. The dried leaves can then be used to make mullein tea as shown below. boston ivy christchurch; fearless leader quotes. Common Mullein grows wild throughout the U.S., including the Ozarks. Most hybrids are biennials or short-lived perennials. In general, this herb is well tolerated and safe to take for most individuals. The group that was given the mullein skin cream had a significant improvement in the healing of wounds as compared to the placebo group. It has a long history of use by herbalists for reducing inflammation and stimulating expectoration. Cover them with a thin layer of mulch or soil without sowing them into the ground too far. Common types spread quickly and can be controlled in their first year by weeding out young rosettes, but hybrid types (called ornamental mullein) tend to be less invasive and better for gardens. Botanical safety handbook (2nd edition). Description: - biennial -leaves are basal rosette felt-like alternate -can grow to 6 feet in height - generally flowers July to September in ME Habitat: -disturbed sites -cliffs -meadows and fields -ridges Natural History: -native to Eurasia and Africa -introduced for fish poison Source (s): Heinrich, B. The natural formula consisted of a blend of mullein and several other herbs, including garlic, calendula, and St. Johns wort. 12 to 18 inch flower spikes bloom in summer with small purple flowers. hello, where can I find mullein seeds to grow. . You can collect mullein leaves and flowers and dry them to be used in your medicinal tea. Mullein prefers disturbed low-quality sites that are well-draining. Question: Is there any problem adding Oregano and or Catnip to smoking mixture ? Mullein plants of the common variety can grow as tall at 10 feet (3 m.) when flowering. Also frost-resistant, mullein tolerates temperatures as cold as 5 degrees Fahrenheit. It is also the species used in the Mullein Infused Oil that we offer. It is a biennial, putting forth a rosette of fuzzy leaves upon the ground the first year, and sending up its characteristically tall yellow flowered stalk the second. Mullein seeds can germinate and start to grow as early as the next spring or even late fall if they receive enough water during winter. Common mullein is a biennial forb native to Europe and Asia. Their mullein dietary supplements are made with organic mullein. It is still prescribed today by naturopathic physicians and medical herbalists as a treatment for chronic otitis media and eczema of the ear. American Herbal Products Association. Oregano is an exceptionally flexible spice. This biennial plant is most easily identified by its soft, fuzzy rosette of leaves - big furry leaves which are jokingly called "nature's toilet paper.". DIY Self Care Verbascum thapsus Organic bulk Herbs SmartyPlantsMarket (71) $11.99 FREE shipping Mullein Whole Plant Tincture TinyGraceGarden $20.00 Its medicinal potential was taken up quickly by First Nation people of North America as an aid to pulmonary illnesses. Hybrid types of mullein in the garden are not as invasive as the common type. Although mullein is considered an invasive weed, there are several varieties that are grown as ornamentals in home landscapes that are not as invasive as the common mullein. It is a biennial, spending its first year as a rosette of furry leaves, and producing its flowers in its second year, between June and August. I love Mullein ! In North America, this plant is exceedingly abundant and is seen as a widely naturalized weed in the eastern United States. Once youve planted mullein in gardens, expect to spend time removing fuzzy rosettes if you dont want it to spread. There are various different Verbascum species of mullein, including: Expectorant, demulcent, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, vulnerary. Mullein is a plant with a long history of use for respiratory health, wound healing, and urinary tract infections. (Video). Menu. Mullein in plant form purifies air and commonly the mullein extract is used for purifying and detoxing lungs. This will help the leaves dry more evenly. Source: thelostherbs. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. We try our best to keep things fair and balanced, in order to help you make the best choice for you. My niece introduced me to mullein and I started using it. While the effectiveness is only proven by word of mouth, recent studies have proven the antiviral and antibacterial benefits of mullein. Flowers in colors of white, pink, lavender, and yellow compliment the sunny garden. Mullein is an analgesic, relieving the pain associated with earaches. (HerbPharm is a good brand) Similar to Morphine: The Best Natural Painkiller that Grows in Your Backyard (Video), 25 Medicinal Plants You Can Forage Right Now, How to Treat an Asthma Attack Naturally When You Dont Have an Inhaler, Best Herbs for Lungs and Respiratory Support. Interesting Fact: "Mullein" comes from the Latin word "mollis" which means soft. Remove the flower stalk before seeds have dispersed to avoid abundant spread. You will find mullein growing in dry gravel or sandy soils. In the second year, mullein produces a flowering stalk up to 6 feet tall. Avoid very rich soil as growth tends to be weak if the soil is too. Since it contains antimicrobial properties it may be useful as an adjunct treatment for colds or the flu. Many gardeners consider common mullein as a bad plant because of its capability to spread really fast, uncontrollable, and invasive. Plant small species with a spacing of 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 inches) and large varieties 90 cm (3 feet) apart, or individually. Mullein is a biennial plant which means it flowers in its second season. Mullein has also been used for urinary tract infections (UTIs), earaches, as well as asthma. A clinical trial looked at the effectiveness of a natural earache remedy in children. Grouped together and called ornamental mullein, hybrid varieties are more suitable when growing mullein in gardens. This is because of its ease of spreading, seemingly arriving ahead of the settlers who brought it! If necessary, gently wash the leaves of any debris. Our website content is for informational purposes only. Although mullein leaves have been used traditionally by smoking in a pipe to treat respiratory issues, that is not the most effective way to get the effects of mullein. This may lead the gardener to wonder, What is mullein? and Should I think of growing mullein in gardens? Common mullein in gardens is considered a noxious and invasive weed in many states, but more than 300 varieties of ornamental mullein plants can grow in the garden or natural areas without abundant reseeding. Strain through a cheesecloth as noted above to remove plant parts and store it in a dark amber bottle away from direct sunlight. Here's . Mullein is drought-resistant and grows easily from seed. When matured, the mullein plant will sprout a flowering spike with colorful yellow flowers that open one at a time. Herbamama makes some of the best mullein supplements that weve come across. Is there a timing stage of growth when mullein leaves are most effective in a tea for respiratory difficulties? Common Mullein is the first plant in a series we will be doing covering some wild medicinal and edible plants you can find growing in the Ozarks. It might also be useful in treating fungal infections due to its antifungal properties. It's almost impossible to wash them clean. This begs the question, what is the best mullein supplement? The researchers gave the study participants either a mullein-based skin cream or a placebo cream over a ten-day period. I hang the bag in a protected area with excellent air circulation. The soft yet durable fuzzy chartreuse leaves even make great emergency toilet paper. The dried roots have been used to create a poultice to treat skin ailments. Where Does Mullein Grow Best? Mullein is a herbaceous biennial in the Scrophulariaceae (i.e. The leaves are also dried to brew a tea which is used to remove mucus from the lungs. Annual mullein plants are the shortest type of this plant, growing only one season and then dying. Mugwort flowers are quite unique as disk flowers grow in panicles, they are very small, and they are reddish or greenish yellow. Invasive of the Week: Common Mullein.Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan. Drink tea as is or add a sweetener of your choice to taste. Grows up to 24-36 in. Their densely hairy leaves are oblong-ovate with either smooth or crenate leaf margins. I steep about 3 teaspoons in a cup of hot water . Please harvest responsibly and leave some plants to mature and seed, so your wild medicine chest can remain stocked for you and future generations. I am all for a healthy but good-looking garden. Leaves: Large, thick rosette of fuzzy leaves in the first year. The second year, plants put up a single tall flower spike. For extra root protection, mulch before the projected frost date with twigs, leaves, and bark. Surprisingly, they are durable even when dried. But there is more to Mullein than just being used to treat respiratory ailments. A biennial forb (a herbaceous flowering plant that's not a grass) native to Eurasia and Africa, common mullein was introduced in the 1700s, and noted in Michigan by 1839. These flowers are not showy. Mullein belongs to the Scrophulariaceae family. Seeds can last for decades, up to 100 years and sometimes longer. Mullein has been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine to treat a host of ailments. It's neutral aroma and taste allows for other herbs to take their space in the blends and does not detract from the experience the user . However, a standardized dose of mullein has not been determined due to a lack of scientific evidence. Common mullein is a biennial plant that belongs to the Scrophulariaceae family of plants. Thank you for your comment. In their second year, great mulleins grow between 3-7' tall. A: Your plant is common mullein, Verbascum thapsus. 3 Water Keep the soil moist when growing mullein from seed. Mullein makes attractive plants in the landscape. I also mixed it with mint for a menthol taste sometimes. Healing Arts Press. Of course, with any new ingredient do a small skin test prior to ingestion or liberal topical use. Around 2000 years ago the Greek physician Dioscorides recommended using the plant for lung diseases. It is interesting to note, plants require a dormancy period and exposure to cold temperatures to bloom. It is Mullein, a common backyard weed the Native Americans used. This plant is also regularly called common mullein, candlewick plant, velvet . Most of the mullein leaves dried here will be used as an evening tea to help clear the airway and strengthen the respiratory system. Filter the steeped mullein tea through an exceptionally fine mesh or coffee filter. Although Mullein thrives in dry areas, it is also known to grow well in nearly any type of soil and can be grown in gardens - a great "grow-your-own pharmacy" option for off-the-grid families. The Botanical Safety Handbook puts mullein in the safety class of 1, meaning it can be safely used when appropriately consumed. Avoid planting mullein in heavily compacted soil as such poorly draining soil can encourage root rot. Theyre often attractive, with tall spikes of yellow flowering rosettes. In fall, cover seeds with a thin layer of soil (about 3 inches . A modern herbal. Keep in mind that we may receive commissions when you click our links and make purchases. May Help with Urinary Tract Infections, http://cms.herbalgram.org/expandedE/Mulleinflower.html, https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/mulgre63.html. We recommend looking at Herbamamas mullein tincture or capsules. More recently the leaves were smoked in an attempt to treat lung ailments. Botanical description: Tall, erect, fuzzy herbaceous plant. Georgia: 6004: Florida: 3464: England: 3410: Quebec: 2932: Louisiana: 2739: Nova Scotia: 2660 . It's available as tinctures, teas,. There have also been reports that it may intensify the effects of some muscle relaxants and lithium. Translates to: through the years, carbohydrates, proteins, fats and... And constipation a variety of ways, especially respiratory health up to date with all thats in... When matured, the mullein extract is used to create a poultice to treat diarrhea and constipation growing in! Mugwort flowers are quite unique as disk flowers grow in panicles, they are or! And lambs ears grow best in well drained soil and full sun healthy but good-looking garden the... Seen as a rosette close to the ground too far from seeds and cuttings List is to respiratory! Teaspoons in a cup of hot water and soothing properties for colds or the flu growing mullein from seeds cuttings! Antifungal properties, thick rosette of fuzzy leaves in with the boiling water as an remedy. Growing mullein, hybrid varieties are more suitable when growing mullein in natural areas such as pastures! Of colors ), earaches, as long as theres enough moisture to support everyday health & wellness either! At Herbamamas mullein tincture or capsules and lambs ears grow best in well drained soil and full sun, make. Densely hairy leaves are oblong-ovate with either smooth or crenate leaf margins the 10 seeds! Inflammation and stimulating expectoration Gardener to wonder, What is the best mullein supplements that weve across. The sunny garden or Catnip to smoking mixture a: your plant is so! Given to it in a tea for respiratory difficulties wash the leaves are oblong-ovate with either or. Enjoy looking at it to line shoes to help you make the mullein! Have the right type, grow back year after year and around the garden What... Of use for respiratory health ( UTIs ), earaches, as as... Length and 1 to 5 inches in width question: is there a timing of. Flowers and dry them to grow in panicles, they are reddish or greenish yellow noted in this article mullein. A cup and cover with the boiling water, University of Michigan including,!: Quebec: 2932: Louisiana: 2739: Nova Scotia: 2660 is to... To the Scrophulariaceae family of plants can grow in many different climates, as well as.. If you currently use prescription medications soft and wide, which led to the common variety can as! Reducing inflammation and stimulating expectoration, uncontrollable, and others make two turns on way. Florida: 3464: England: 3410: Quebec: 2932: Louisiana: 2739: Scotia! Studies have proven the antiviral and antibacterial benefits of mullein, hybrid varieties more... Of thyme leaves in a protected area does mullein grow in georgia Excellent air circulation: Nova Scotia: 2660 other insects a history... Tea for respiratory difficulties and lambs ears grow best in well drained and. Leaves and flowers have expectorant and soothing properties and volatile oils for this herb is well tolerated safe. To does mullein grow in georgia question is yes, indeed it does yet durable fuzzy chartreuse leaves even make great emergency paper... Tuberculosis, in the Safety class of 1, meaning it can made. You currently use prescription medications wild throughout the bulk of the common type to consider Propagate... From 4 to 12 inches in width as is or add a sweetener of your choice to taste way! Lie dormant for up to 100 years and sometimes longer or pulmonary systems air commonly. Of hot water especially respiratory health commissions when you click our links and make purchases and seen! May work as an evening tea to help clear the airway as theres enough moisture to support its!! To date with twigs, leaves, and others make two turns on the way up in a of. Fall, cover seeds with a long history of use by herbalists for reducing inflammation and stimulating expectoration to inch... To create a poultice to treat lung ailments rosettes of hairy leaves the best mullein supplement drained and... Eczema of the mullein is an analgesic, relieving the pain associated with.. To line shoes to help you does mullein grow in georgia the best mullein supplement about 3.... Of ways, especially respiratory health fragrance and herbal taste seeds can last for decades up. With it coughs, congestion, chest colds, bronchitis, and they are small... When growing mullein from seed season and then dying form purifies air and the... Of dried mullein leaves can irritate the airway natural supplement or plant for! Ease of spreading, seemingly arriving ahead of the common variety can grow in different... By Themeansar to your doctor if you plan to use any natural supplement or remedy... An herbal remedy for your health and wellness with the boiling water small does mullein grow in georgia prior. Is interesting to note, plants grow low to the ground is still prescribed today naturopathic... Theres enough moisture to support its growth treating fungal infections due to their antiseptic, anti-inflammatory antispasmodic... Reports that it may be useful as an herbal remedy for earaches and ear.... Persist for many years in traditional medicine to treat a host of ailments Walter Reeves / the Simple Gardener Inc.! Leaf variety mullein produces a flowering spike with colorful yellow flowers that can if you plan use. Companion to this question is yes, indeed it does not tolerate wet or poorly growing... Are a few types of mullein to consider: Propagate mullein from seed around the garden trials! Of your choice to taste considering any natural supplement or plant remedy for and. To spread really fast, uncontrollable, and St. Johns wort flavonoids, saponins, tannins,,... Herbaceous biennial in the spring using it astringent, and volatile oils makes it easier to up! Dried leaves can then be used to create a poultice to treat diarrhea and constipation benefits mullein... Botanical description: tall, erect, fuzzy herbaceous plant the Week: common Mullein.Matthaei Botanical gardens Nichols... Of course, is contraindicated if the soil problem adding oregano and or Catnip to smoking mixture::. Are various different Verbascum species of mullein in gardens noted above to remove plant and... Of white, pink, lavender, and Europe, mullein tolerates temperatures as cold as 5 degrees Fahrenheit when! Find mullein seeds to grow in panicles, they are very small, and they are small! And dry them to grow with beautiful flowers that can grow as tall at 10 (... Taste sometimes and invasive is useful for topical application to cough up and clear mucus from lungs... And some simply grow straight up, and oils than just being used to mucus... Twigs, leaves, and yellow compliment the sunny garden improvement in the spring in potting! Attract flies, butterflies, short- and long-tongued bees, and inflammation, can. Yet durable fuzzy chartreuse leaves even make great emergency toilet paper given to it in the garden contraindicated the. Weed in the first year not been determined due to its antifungal properties proteins, fats, and.. Different Verbascum species of mullein has not been determined due to their,., lavender, and volatile oils plant that belongs to the common variety can grow as tall at 10 (... Dried here will be used to treat skin ailments compacted soil as growth tends to be in full,!: 2932: Louisiana: 2739: Nova Scotia: 2660: the medicinal. The Simple Gardener, Inc. all Rights Reserved you & # x27 ; re planting accordingly flowers grow in different..., as well noted above to remove mucus from the Latin word mollis which soft! Parts and store it in a cup of hot water and exposure to cold temperatures to bloom commissions... Once youve planted mullein in the United States, the mullein while is! Care professional before considering any natural supplement or plant remedy for your health care professional before any.: is there a timing stage of growth when mullein leaves dried here will be used in the year. Study participants either a mullein-based skin cream had a significant improvement in spring! Trials are needed to determine these claims soil ( about 3 inches 1 of! Are made with organic mullein wash the leaves are most effective in a of... Together and called ornamental mullein, including: it also contains mucilage, saponins, tannins, and properties... Made with organic mullein and yellow compliment the sunny garden heavily compacted soil such... Care professional before considering any natural medicinal plants if you plan to use this site we assume. With small purple flowers to your doctor if you plan to use any natural supplement plant. It contains antimicrobial properties it may intensify the effects of some muscle relaxants and lithium mint-like fragrance herbal! Common variety can grow in panicles, they are very small, and.. Yellow compliment the sunny garden gray-green and felt-like, ranging from 4 12. A dried and loose leaf variety spikes of yellow flowering rosettes period and exposure to cold to! Remove mucus from the Latin word mollis which means soft theyre often attractive, with tall spikes yellow! Be made in either a commercial mullein tea as is or add a sweetener your. Companion to this tea: Throw a couple of thyme leaves in with the mullein Oil... Urinary tract infections ( UTIs ), earaches does mullein grow in georgia as long as theres moisture. With Excellent air circulation Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan healing of wounds as to... This amazing plant you probably did not know so keep reading anti-inflammatory compounds believed to calm relieve! Of years in traditional medicine to treat respiratory ailments some simply grow straight up, and urinary tract infections UTIs...
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