The percent of MMP-2 inhibitory activity was calculated in compared to solvent control.31, Base gel composing of water, propylene glycol, glycerin, hydroxyethyl cellulose and liquid germall plus and PE gel consisting of 0.1% extract incorporated into base gel (data shown in TableB) were prepared. Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) is regarded as a minor environmental weed in the Northern Territory and as a "sleeper weed" or . Phyllanthus is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Phyllanthaceae.Estimates of the number of species in this genus vary widely, from 750 to 1200. The cellular antioxidant was evaluated as previous method.28 Briefly, human skin fibroblasts were seeded and treated with noncytotoxic concentrations of samples. B16F10 melanoma cells (ATCC CRL-6475) and human skin fibroblasts (PromoCell at the 15th-18th passages) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin solution in a humidified incubator at 37C with 5% carbon dioxide. (Fam. The noncytotoxic concentrations of extract, sinapic acid, theophylline, kojic acid, and vitamin C, which demonstrated cell viability greater than 80%, were found in the range of 0.00010.1mg/mL. In contrast, cells treated with antioxidants exhibited the greater cell viabilities than oxidative control. Chen C. Sinapic acid and its derivatives as medicine in oxidative stress-induced diseases and aging. However, due to a lack of research, there is . Its native range is tropical and southern Asia. Chen, K. (1952). Intermediate shoots up to 20 cm long, solitary or fascicled, resembling pinnate leaves but usually floriferous towards the base, falling as a unit; short shoots not strongly developed. The tree habit of the family is represented by Phyllanthus emblica (Amla), Bischofia javanica, Putranjiva roxburghii, etc. The significant improvement in skin elasticity after PE gel treatment was found after 28 days of application in both mild (p=0.016) and moderate (p=0.035) aging groups. Aging in epidermal melanocytes: cell cycle genes and melanins. The significant skin wrinkle reduction was found after 84 days of PE gel treatment in the mild aging group. Kanlayavattanakul M., Lourith N., Chaikul P. Jasmine rice panicle: a safe and efficient natural ingredient for skin aging treatments. Del Bino S., Bernerd F. Variations in skin colour and the biological consequences of ultraviolet radiation exposure. The branchlets are not glabrous or finely pubescent, 1020cm (3.97.9in) long, usually deciduous; the leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling pinnate leaves. Additionally, volunteers in the moderate aging group significantly noted the change in skin color after PE gel application, thereby leading to the greater skin brightening score than base gel in the subjective assessment. In the Buddhist tradition there are many references to the fruit of the emblic myrobalan. Emblica officinalis), the Indian gooseberry, or aamla from Sanskrit amalika, is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. Phyllanthus-emblica-fruit-4 Phyllanthus embilca fruit . Cytotoxicity assay in (a) B16F10 melanoma cells and (b) human skin fibroblasts treated with amla branch extract (PE), sinapic acid (SiA), theophylline (TP), kojic acid (KJ), and vitamin C (VC) at 0.00011mg/mL indicates the significant difference from the control (p<0.05, p<0.001). (Emblica officinalis) Description. Ayurveda Research Institute campus. You may notice problems with Whitish flowers cluster along the flattened stems of the West Indian seaside laurel (P. arbuscula). The effect of, Rawal S., Singh P., Gupta A., Mohanty S. Dietary intake of, Kumar G.S., Nayaka H., Dharmesh S.M., Salimath P.V. Emblica officinalis) colloquially known as the Indian gooseberry (English), amalaka (Sanskrit), and amla (Hindi) is an important deciduous tree.This plant belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and was originally native to India but is today found growing in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Srilanka, Southeast Asia China, and Malaysia (Krishnaveni and Mirunalini, 2010). 1992. The cell viabilities of 0.01mg/mL extract, sinapic acid, and vitamin C were 93.240.88, 95.896.52, and 93.484.33%, respectively, which were comparable to solvent control. The tested skin was evaluated by Chromameter CR 400, Dermalab USB, Mexameter MX 18, Corneometer CM 825, and Visioscan VC 98. The taste of Indian emblic is sour, bitter and astringent, and it is quite fibrous. The skin brightening score for PE gel in this group was significantly greater than base gel (p=0.026). Copyright 2022 CAB International. The high tannin content of Phyllanthus Emblica was also used as a dye in inks, shampoos and hair oils. State Medicinal Plants Board Kerala, TPC and analysis of phen olic profile presents in Table1 and Fig. Phyllanthus emblica (syn. During 24h of patch application and after patch removal, all volunteers did not report and show any sign accompanied by skin erythema and edema on all treated areas. Cells were harvested to perform each experiment in triplicate. Human skin fibroblasts were seeded and incubated overnight. The non-invasive instruments were employed to determine effects of gel application at baseline, and post-application at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. The antioxidant role of vitamin C. Law R.M., Ngo M.A., Maibach H.I. 6. Emblica, along with two other plant species, is part of an Ayurvedic composite remedy called "Triphala". Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Local name: Amla, goose berry, Usiri. Since dry skin is a prominent clinical manifestation of skin aging, the application of moisturizing product would make an effort to moisturize the skin.55 The similar skin hydration effect after treatment with base and PE gels may be attributed to the incorporation of humectants, including propylene glycol and glycerin, in the formulation. The content on this site is provided and maintained by Mr. Freedman. In addition, extract at the greatest tested concentration significantly suppressed the melanin content and the melanogenic enzyme activities greater than sinapic acid and kojic acid. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids have demonstrated to act as the competitive tyrosinase inhibitors.29 To investigate the factors affecting skin aging, including antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, and MMP inhibition, the amla branch extract was evaluated the anti-skin aging activity in the cellular assays compared with sinapic acid, a major phenolic constituent. Sourced from the tree of the family Phyllanthaceae, Phyllanthus Emblica has vitamin c and other properties that justify its usage in making shampoos, oils, conditioners, foods, cosmetic items . Mirobalanus embilica Burm. In this study, amla branch was standardized and evaluated the anti-skin aging activities, including anti-melanogenesis, antioxidant, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 inhibitory assays invitro and cellular tests. Jariya Somkumnerd: Methodology, Software, Investigation. Scientific name: Plant family: Common name: Lao name: Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. The leaflets are small, 0.5 to 1.6 cm long and 0.1 to 0.3 cm wide. The Amla tree is small to medium in size, reaching 1-8 m (3 ft 3 in - 26 ft 3 in) in height. The flowers are pollinated by Bees. Gooseberry (Phyllanthus Emblica) By Smaart Export. Emblica officinalis), commonly known as Indian gooseberry or amla, family Euphorbiaceae, is an important herbal drug used in unani (Graceo - arab) and ayurvedic . Chem/IUPAC Name: Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract is an extract of the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L., Euphorbiaceae. EINECS/ELINCS No: 289-817-3. Lee D.E., Huh C.-S., Ra J. Verschoore M., Nielson M. The Rationale of anti-aging cosmetic ingredients. Throughout the study, all volunteers did not report any adverse events, confirming the safety of base and PE gel. $7.97. It is a very delicious fruit. MMP-2 inhibitory activity in human skin fibroblasts treated with solvent control (ctr), amla branch extract (PE), sinapic acid (SiA), and vitamin C (VC) at 0.1mg/mL: (a) zymogram, and (b) inhibition of MMP-2 activity. Flowers of Phyllanthus emblica L. Family: Phyllanthaceae. Phyllanthus mairei H. Lv. Phyllanthus emblica Name Synonyms Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz Diasperus emblica (L.) Kuntze Dichelactina nodicaulis Hance Dichelactina nodicaulus Hance Emblica arborea Raf. Adetailed analysis of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in primary neuronal culture. (Family Phyllanthaceae) Emblica officinalis, commonly known as amla, is arguably one of the most important plants in various traditional and folk systems of medicine in India. Send Inquiry. According to Fitzpatrick skin type, the skin color of volunteers was classified as skin type III.52 After application of base and PE gels, a decrease in melanin indexes was observed in the mild and moderate aging groups. [10], In Ayurveda, dried and fresh fruits of the plant are used as a common constituent. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. Clinical efficacy and subjective satisfaction assessment after base and PE gel treatment in the mild and moderate aging groups are shown as percent change in Fig. Browse 2,939 phyllanthus emblica stock photos and images available, or search for amla to find more great stock photos and pictures. Thiruvananthapuram Skin aging influences the changes in skin, including skin dryness, wrinkle, and irregular pigmentation. Key Information. Fig. However, due to massive deforestation and land reclamation as well as deterioration of its natural habitat in recent years, the wild resources of . GUID:9FD0255B-AEEC-4CA8-A583-BE09EF6D1B6D. indicates the significant difference from the control (p<0.05, p<0.001). Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthus emblica L. is an accepted name This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus Phyllanthus (family Phyllanthaceae). Fruit, root, bark, leaf, seed. The viabilities of cells treated with 0.1mg/mL extract, the greatest noncytotoxic concentration, were 91.213.33 and 89.982.11% in B16F10 melanoma cells and human skin fibroblasts, respectively. Majority of the members of the family possess large laticiferous vessels . After the completion of heating-cooling cycle, both formulations were observed the slight changes in physicochemical properties but were stable without phase separation (data shown in TableC). Skin aging is a multifactorial process resulted from intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Fig. Clinical evidence of effects of, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.02.004, Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g extract). Clinical anti-skin aging efficacy of base and PE gels: (a) skin color, (b) skin pigment, (c) skin elasticity, (d) skin wrinkle reduction, (e) skin hydration, and (f) subjective assessment at the completion of study period. Peer review under responsibility of The Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University. The study aimed to evaluate the anti-skin aging efficacy of amla branch. At the completion of study, PE gel significantly decreased skin pigment greater than base gel (p=0.048). Pl. It is traditionally consumed after meals. In this study, NKA-II resin was selected as the optimal macroporous resin for separation and employed to separate the crude polyphenol extract of P. emblica pomace. Wood red, hard. The significantly increased skin hydration was found only in the moderate aging group after treatment with base and PE gels for 28 (p=0.032) and 14 (p=0.002) days, respectively. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. The tree has crooked trunk and spreading branches. 1st ed. . Our previous study demonstrated that aqueous extract of PE (AEPE) could alleviate carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4)-induced liver fibrosis in vivo, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear.The present study was undertaken to clarify the multitarget mechanisms of PE in . Cells treated with hydrogen peroxide (oxidative control) significantly decreased cell viability to 74.980.99%, indicating cytotoxicity. Topical gel containing 0.1% extract was a stable and safe formulation. Plant Part Used. Fruit a capsule, subglobose, dehiscing into 6 cocci, disc enlarged, fleshy, yellowish-green, indehiscent berry. It is said to be the very first tree that originated on earth, as claimed by age-old Indian mythology. Fruit also sun-dried and stored for future use. In cytotoxicity assay, the cells were directly exposed to the tested substance, but the percutaneous absorption would influence the topically applied formulation. Amla is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, reaching 8 to 18 m in height, which is known for its edible fruit of the same name. Search from Phyllanthus Emblica Photos stock photos, pictures and royalty-free images from iStock. 2021 Sep; 11(5): 390399. Regarding melanogenesis suppression, the activity of amla branch extract, sinapic acid and kojic acid was mediated through suppression of tyrosinase and TRP-2 activities. The variation in content and phenolic acids in plant may be influenced by the difference in genetic, maturity, stages and agronomic conditions, and activity of polyphenoloxidase enzyme among the plant cultivars.33. The fruit is up to 26mm (1.0in) in diameter, and, while the fruit of wild plants weigh approximately 5.5g (0.19oz), cultivated fruits average 28.4g (1.00oz) to 56g (2.0oz)[6]. [5] The phyllanthus emblica tea effervescent tablet is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 15 to 35 percent of phyllanthus emblica fine powder, 10 to 25 percent of tartaric acid, 10 to 25 percent of sodium bicarbonate, 1 to 10 percent of Pu'er tea powder, 30 to 45 . Antioxidant, one of several strategies, can deactivate and slow down the damaging reactions induced by free radicals.46 The ability of extract for radical scavenging, which was in agreement with invitro assays, may be attributed to phenolic acids.29,37,47 Vitamin C, a known antioxidant, is mediated activity by reacting with aqueous peroxyl radicals and restoring the antioxidant properties of vitamin E.48. Amla, alone or in combination with other herbs, has great medicinal significance across the nutraceutical industry. A study was undertaken in non-obese type 2 diabetic rats to assess the potential anti-diabetic activities of Emblica via its main active ingredient, ellagic . ]. Chaikul P., Khat-udomkiri N., Iangthanarat K., Manosroi J., Manosroi A. Characteristics and. indicates the significant, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Fujii T., Wakaizumi M., Ikami T., Saito M. Amla (, Ekanayake E., Feng M., Murindahabi T., Nissanka A., Patrick G. Contribution of Indian gooseberry (. Sinapic acid, the major constituent, along with other phenolics in extract have reported the benefit effects on human health, including anti-carcinogen and anti-inflammation.34 Accordingly, the biological activities of branch extract against skin aging were performed. After 72h, cells were fixed and stained with SRB. CAS Number: 90028-28-7. Amla branch extract, a dark brown powder, consisted a variety of phenolic acids, mainly sinapic and ferulic acids. Amalaki can be used in the effective treatment of diseases like Diabetes, Fever, Anaemia, Jaundice, Bleeding disorders, Hiccough, Arthritis, etc. already built in. Shraddha Exports. View Number. It is distributed throughout Indian subcontinent . 4 demonstrates the antioxidant activity of extract, sinapic acid, and vitamin C compared with solvent control and oxidative control (H2O2). (mak kham pom) This shrub, native to tropical Asia and probably India, is 4 to 6 m tall, highly branched and gnarled. The culture medium was replaced with fresh medium without serum supplement. The cytotoxic concentration of 1mg/mL extract, sinapic acid, theophylline, and kojic acid resulted in the decreased cell viability to 16.670.20, 7.240.51, 67.040.69, and 71.021.69%, respectively, in B16F10 melanoma cells. Amla (, Pathak P., Prasad B.R.G., Murthy N.A., Hegde S.N. The fruits of the plant have a strong RSO . Amalaki has numerous therapeutic properties like immunomodulation, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and antiallergic, etc. Hu F. Theophylline and melanocyte-stimulating hormone effects on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and DOPA reactions in cultured melanoma cells. Havea brasiliensist (rubber tree) is a large tree 60 to 100 feet in height and 8-12 feet in girth. This article explores the traditional biological activity of the Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthus emblica L. (amla), a medicinal plant in family Phyllanthaceae, has generally been cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries, including China, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.1 It has been used for treatment of illnesses in traditional medicines, including Indian traditional healthcare system, Tibetan medicine, Sri Lankan medicine, Chinese herbal medicine, and Thai medicinal system.2 Amla demonstrates several biological activities, including antioxidant,3 anti-cancer activity,4,5 anti-diabetic activity,6 anti-inflammatory activity,7,8 anti-microbial activity,9 treatment of gastric ailments,10,11 adaptogenic activity,3 rejuvenating,1,12 and promoting health and longevity13,14 (details of each activity shown in TableA). Pin. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. According to clinical assessment, several non-invasive instruments were employed to evaluate the anti-skin aging efficacy of prepared formulations. Puxvadee Chaikul: Methodology, Software, Investigation, Writing-original draft, review, and editing, Funding acquisition. The extract exhibited the potent antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities invitro assays and the melanin suppression through inhibition of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-2 activities, the strong antioxidant, and the potent matrix metalloproteinase-2 in cellular assays at 0.1mg/mL. The record derives from WCSP (data supplied on 2012-03-23) which reports it as an accepted name (record 153790) with original publication details: Sp. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Ismail H.F., Hashim Z., Soon W.T., Rahman N.S.A., Zainudin A.N., Majid F.A.A. Anti-aging pharmacology: promises and pitfalls. However, the slight difference in the overall satisfaction score among base and PE gels may be due to the slight changes in skin conditions that were unnoticeable by volunteers perception. and indicate the significant difference at p-value<0.05 and 0.001, respectively. Amla branches were standardized the phenolic acids. 5.00 - 270.00. Received 2020 Aug 18; Revised 2021 Feb 3; Accepted 2021 Feb 4. The study reported that plant antioxidant activity depends on TPC, and position and availability of free hydroxyl groups to scavenge radicals.35,36 Additionally, the high phenolic content is associated with strong antioxidant by electron transfer mechanism17 and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Free and bound phenolic antioxidants in amla (, Pientaweeratch S., Panapisal V., Tansirikongkol A. Antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities of, Sripanidkulchai B., Junlatat J. Bioactivities of alcohol based extracts of, Qi W.-Y., Li Y., Hua L., Wang K., Gao K. Cytotoxicity and structure activity relationships of phytosterol from, Sripanidkulchai B., Fangkrathok N. Antioxidant, antimutagenic and antibacterial activities of extracts from. Phyllanthus emblica Gaertn., 1791 L., 1753. Botanic Healthcare is one of the globally acclaimed Phyllanthus Emblica Manufacturers in India engaged in offering organic Phyllanthus Emblica, which is also known as Emblic, Indian gooseberry or Amla. Euphorbiaceae (New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory) Phyllanthaceae (Queensland) Common Names. To investigate clinical efficacy, 20 female volunteers aged 2550 years were enrolled in the study. The skin lightening effect in clinical study was in accordance with invitro anti-tyrosinase and cellular anti-melanogenesis effects. Tyrosinase is known as a key enzyme in the pathway.28 With aging, the irregular pigmentation is associated with the uneven distribution of pigment cells, greater -dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) positivity in sun-exposed skin, a local loss of melanocytes, and a modification in interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes.41 According to study results, melanogenesis suppression of extract may be attributed to the synergistic effect of phenolic acids. Some have flattened, green stems, called phyllodes, that function as leaves. The voucher specimen (PE_BR MFU18) was deposited for further reference at our laboratory herbarium at Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai. Emblica officinalis. It appears to be most used for regulating glucose metabolism and cardiac health, and may also be neuroprotective. exigua (leaf spot); Indarbela quadrinotata (bark eating caterpillar) Minor host of: Aspergillus niger (black mould of onion); Biston . Medium trees. All parts of the plant are used in the herbal preparations, including the fruit, seed, leaves, root, bark and flowers, according to Wikipedia. Email. Phyllanthus emblica L. is a well-known medicinal and edible plant species. The skin measurement in clinical anti-skin aging efficacy presents in TableD. Chromameter CR 400 was used for skin color assessment. Greenish-yellow male and female flowers are carried separately on the same branch and produce fruit . The mean irritation index (MII) of each sample was calculated and degree of irritation was categorized based on the MII value as nonirritating (MII<0.2), slightly irritating (0.2MII<0.5), moderately irritating (0.5MII<1), and strongly irritating (MII1). Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus emblica Family: Euphorbiaceae Indian Gooseberry, Emblic Myrobalan, Amla, Amalaki, Amloki Origin: Northern and South Western India . Phyllanthus emblica, a member of Euphorbiaceae family, is a tree of small or moderate size which is found in tropical Southeast Asia and throughout Malaysia and East Timor. Nattaya Lourith: Methodology, Investigation, Writing-review. Topical gel containing extract was prepared and evaluated the skin irritation by a single closed patch test. The clinically relevant improvement of skin elasticity and wrinkles were associated with the strong antioxidant and the MMP inhibitory activities of extract invitro and cellular assays. The percent of relative ratio of melanin content and enzyme activities was calculated in compared to solvent control. Panwar R., Sharma A.K., Kaloti M., Dutt D., Pruthi V. Characterization and anticancer potential of ferulic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against ME-180 human cervical cancer cell lines. Calasanti T., King N., Pietil I., Ojala H. Rationales for anti-aging activities in middle age: aging, health, or appearance? It is world's best recognized herb and edible fruit rich in vitamin C. Amla is the best natural source of . [8] In Theravada Buddhism, this plant is said to have been used as the tree for achieving enlightenment, or Bodhi, by the twenty first Buddha, named Phussa Buddha. Appendix ASupplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.02.004. The anti-inflammation and antioxidant of sinapic acid together with other phenolics, including quercetin, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acids, are associated with the inhibition of MMP gene expression, resulting in prevention of enzyme substrate.17,23,29,47,49. Family Euphorbiaceae Genus Phyllanthus L. Species Phyllanthus Linn. smpbkerala@gmail.com The fruit has one of the highest concentrations of Vitamin C (160 times more than apple) and thus is reputed as a strong antioxidant. The ITA values indicated the tan to intermediate skin color in the included volunteers.51 The greater ITA value, showing the lighter skin color, was observed after treatment with base and PE gels for 14 days in both mild and moderate aging groups. Free radicals, that are produced by endogenous metabolic processes and exogenous factors, such as sun irradiation and pollution, are largely attributed to a complex cascade of cellular oxidative damage. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. The Phyllanthus emblica fruit is the richest source of natural Vitamin C and cons.More. The concentration that was able to deactivate enzyme at 50% (IC50) was calculated. (syn. NCBI BLAST name: eudicots Rank: species Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) This is illustrated in the Ashokavadana in the following verses: "A great donor, the lord of men, the eminent Maurya Ashoka, has gone from being lord of Jambudvipa [the continent] to being lord of half a myrobalan". Ripening in autumn, the berries are harvested by hand after climbing to upper branches bearing the fruits. Both base and PE gels were performed the physicochemical properties, including pH, viscosity, and physical appearance, at initial and after stability test by 7 cycles of heating-cooling cycle.29. Phyllanthus emblica (PE), a traditional multiethnic herbal medicine, is commonly applied to treat liver diseases. Bendich A., Machlin L.J., Scandurra O., Burton G.W., Wayner D.D.M. Poojappura P.O Phyllanthus emblica / AAmla Family: Phyllanthaceae Genus: Phyllanthus Species: Emblica Indian Gooseberry, Amla, Aonla, Emblic, Amloki, Nelli, Dhatri, [11][12], These fruits contain high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C),[13] and have a bitter taste that may derive from a high density of ellagitannins,[11] such as emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%), and pedunculagin (14%). Oxidative stress-induced diseases and aging on the same name the changes in,! Mixed with water, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the environment worldwide tested substance, but not the aging Nattaya Lourith treatment in the aqueous solution by measurement of tpc at initial and after 7 cycles of heating-cooling.! Diseases and aging on the same name is emblica officinalis ( amla ) is an open article., as claimed by age-old Indian mythology dilution of standard gallic acid and its derivatives as in! 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With the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders voucher specimen ( PE_BR ) It easier to read articles in PMC M., Chaikul P., Prasad B.R.G. Murthy! Medium without serum supplement vitamin C. Law R.M., Ngo M.A., Maibach H.I to medium in size, 18m.
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